Egyptian Bioarchaeology

自1990年在吉萨高原发现金字塔工人墓地以来，从未对埋葬的个人进行过全面评估。墓地分为两部分：上层墓地（主要为工匠保留）有43座坟墓，下层墓地（为低地位劳动者保留）有600多座坟墓（哈瓦斯，1998 a）。从这些骨架中，我们可以评估人口的特征，了解他们是如何生活的。然而，我们的知识仍然存在重大差距;除了“样本”（参见Hawass 2009），工人的骨骼从未被研究过，骨骼的确切数量也没有公布。本研究的主要目的是使用骨骼学数据进行活动重建：附着点变化（由于生物力学应力导致的肌肉或韧带附着部位的骨质变化），骨关节炎（以骨赘、关节侵蚀和糜烂形式对滑膜关节的损伤），以及肱骨和胫骨的几何形态测量分析（骨的形状、健壮性和横截面的变化）（讨论参见Jurmain等人，2012）。本研究的第二个目的是创建人群的骨生物学特征，以便于了解进行了哪些工作以及由谁进行，社会分工，性别二型性，病理学以及残疾和损伤。这将包括：骨骼学分析（年龄、性别、病理学、附着点变化、骨关节炎、几何形态学）人口统计学数据（年龄、性别、社会阶层）殡葬考古学（墓葬艺术、墓葬定位、尸体定位、埋藏学）。

Since the discovery of the pyramid workers' cemetery at the Giza plateau in 1990, a full assessment of the individuals inhumed has never been conducted. The cemetery is divided into two sections; the upper cemetery (largely reserved for artisans) containing 43 tombs, and the lower cemetery (for low-status labourers) with over 600 tombs (Hawass 1998a). From these skeletons we can assess characteristics of the population and understand how they lived. Yet, there remains significant gaps in our knowledge; apart from a 'sample' (see Hawass 2009), the workers' skeletons have never been studied and the exact number of skeletons has not been published. The primary aim of this research is to perform activity reconstructions using osteological data: entheseal change ( osseous changes at the attachment sites of muscles or ligaments as a result of biomechanical stress), osteoarthritis (damage to synovial joints in the form of osteophytes, joint erosion, and ebumation), and geometric morphometric analysis of humeri and tibiae (changes in the shape, robusticity, and cross-section of the bone) (see Jurmain et al 2012 for discussion). The secondary aim of this research is to create osteobiographical profiles of the population to facilitate understanding of what work was conducted and by whom, social divisions, sexual dimorphism, pathology, and dis/ability and impairment. This will incorporate:Osteological analysis (age, sex, pathology, entheseal change, osteoarthritis, geometric morphometrics)Demographic data (age, sex, social class)Funerary archaeology (tomb art, tomb positioning, body positioning, taphonomy).