The Characterisation of Carbon Deposits using Modern Surface Science and Bulk property Analytical Techniques.

碳基沉积物对气候变化和人类健康的影响是立法、燃料技术变化和工程改进的驱动力。内燃机产生的碳物种对排放有各种影响，尽管进行了多年的研究，但仍不完全清楚。诺丁汉1-3最近的工作表明，对这些沉积物的理解发生了范式转变，并随后对它们的减少产生了影响。这项工作为工业生产提供了信息，以开发将要生产的缓解化学物质，从而减少排放。该项目是使用非常复杂的表面科学技术的独特机会，例如Orbitrap 3D二次离子质谱仪(SIMS)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)。这项研究将涉及来自动力总成远景、公路、铁路、越野、海洋和站立的碳材料。这些材料将与喷油器沉积物、过滤器沉积物相关，以减少排放和烟尘，特别是与呼吸系统炎症、心血管健康问题和过早死亡有关的那些。关于这些物种结构的信息将被用来发明缓解战略，使所有人受益。虽然这项工作的重点是碳，但这是一个独特的机会，可以学习使用和解释来自产生重要可携带性技能的“最先进”仪器的数据。马克斯·K·埃德尼、约瑟夫·S·兰姆、马泰奥·斯潘、艾米丽·F·史密斯、伊丽莎白·斯蒂尔、爱德华·威尔莫特、杰奎琳·里德、吉姆·巴克、摩根·R·亚历山大、科林·E·斯内普、大卫·J·斯库尔，美国应用材料与接口12(45)，51026-51035,2020.2。“使用3D OrbiSIMS和XPS深度剖析的内部柴油喷油器沉积化学形态和量化”，约瑟夫·S·兰姆，吉姆·巴克，爱德华·威尔莫特，大卫·J·斯柯尔，科林·E·斯内普，艾米丽·F·史密斯，摩根·R·亚历山大，杰奎琳·里德。SAE国际移动性进展和当前实践杂志，2020,349 3643。“3D OrbiSIMS数据集化学过滤的分子式预测”Max K Edney、Anna M Koowska、Matteo Span u、Gustavo F Trindade、Edward Wilmot、Jacqueline Reid、Jim Barker、Jonathan W Aylott、Alexander G Shard、Morgan R Alexander、Colin E Snape、David J Scurr。分析化学，94，11,4703-4711

The impact of carbon-based deposits on climate change and human health is the driver for legislation, fuel technology change and engineering improvements. The carbon species produced by the internal combustion engine have various impacts on emissions and despite many years of research are still not fully understood. Recent work at Nottingham1-3 has shown a paradigm shift in the understanding of these deposits and has had subsequent impact in their reduction.The work has informed industry produce to develop mitigation chemistries to be produced and thus reduce emissions. The project is a unique opportunity to use very sophisticated surface science techniques such as Orbitrap 3D secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The study will involve carbon material from across the powertrain vista, road, rail, off road, marine, and standing. The material will be associated with injector deposits, filter deposits to enable emission reduction and soot, especially those associated with respiratory inflammation cardiovascular health problems and premature mortality. The information regarding the structure of these species will be used to invent mitigation strategies for the benefit of all. Though the work is focussed on carbon this is a unique opportunity to learn to use and interpret data from "state of the art" instrumentation yielding important portability skill sets.References1. "Spatially Resolved Molecular Compositions of Insoluble Multilayer Deposits Responsible for Increased Pollution from Internal Combustion Engines" Max K Edney, Joseph S Lamb, Matteo Spanu, Emily F Smith, Elisabeth Steer, Edward Wilmot, Jacqueline Reid, Jim Barker, Morgan R Alexander, Colin E Snape, David J Scur., ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 12 (45), 51026-51035, 2020.2. "Internal Diesel Injector Deposit Chemical Speciation and Quantification Using 3D OrbiSIMS and XPS Depth Profiling", Joseph S Lamb, Jim Barker, Edward Wilmot, David J Scurr, Colin E Snape, Emily F Smith, Morgan R Alexander, Jacqueline Reid. SAE International Journal of Advances and Current Practices in Mobility,2020,349 3643. "Molecular formula prediction for chemical filtering of 3D OrbiSIMS Datasets" Max K Edney, Anna M Kotowska, Matteo Spanu, Gustavo F Trindade, Edward Wilmot, Jacqueline Reid, Jim Barker, Jonathan W Aylott, Alexander G Shard, Morgan R Alexander, Colin E Snape, David J Scurr. Analytical chemistry,94,11,4703-4711