Osseointegration of graphene coated implants

骨整合（OI）是将金属植入物直接锚定到骨中，从而将假体连接到骨骼上。这在口腔和颅面外科中的研究比矫形外科更好。金属与宿主骨的成功整合过程需要宿主骨、金属植入物和骨-植入物界面之间的协同作用。新生骨桥接骨和植入物之间的间隙取决于植入物的表面涂层。金属和金属合金由于其强度和韧性而主要用于制造OI植入物。羟基磷灰石（HA）涂层已被证明在刺激植入物骨从自体骨长入方面优于钛合金涂层上级。然而，髓内植入物随着时间的推移而松动仍然是髓内骨折固定和非骨水泥关节成形术的问题，特别是对于骨质疏松的骨。此外，HA通常不用于OI，因为HA产生的高度亲骨表面可产生更强的骨-HA层，该层随时间从钛表面分离。氧化石墨烯（GO）和还原氧化石墨烯（RGO）已被研究其在植入学中的OI潜力。在Li等人最近的一项动物模型研究中，与未涂覆的植入物相比，在骨中植入石墨烯涂覆的钛合金支架证明了新骨组织的成骨速率和体积生长的改善。我们认为，GO可能是一种比传统表面涂层更优越的骨科植入物上细胞附着、增殖和分化的上级基质。

Osseointegration (OI) is the direct anchorage of a metal implant into bone, allowing for the connection of a prosthesis to the skeleton. This is better researched in oral and craniofacial surgery than orthopaedic surgery. The successful process of metal integration into host bone demands synergy between the host bone, the metal implant, and the bone-implant interface. Bridging of gaps between the bone and implant by nascent bone, is dependent on the surface coating of the implant. Metals and metal alloys are primarily used to manufacture OI implants due to their strength and toughness. Hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings have been shown to be superior to titanium alloy coating for stimulating implant bone ingrowth from the native bone. However, loosening of intramedullary implants over time remains a problem for both intramedullary fracture fixation and cementless arthroplasty particularly with osteoporotic bone. Also, HA is not routinely used for OI because the highly osteophilic surface created by HA can result in a stronger bone-HA layer and this layer separates from the titanium surface over time. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has been investigated for its OI potential in implantology. In a recent animal model study by Li et al, implantation of a graphene coated titanium alloy scaffold in bone demonstrated an improved osteogenic rate and volumetric growth of new bone tissue compared to the uncoated implant. We believe that GO may be a far superior substrate for cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation on orthopaedic implants than conventional surface coatings.