Prenatal Drug Exposure: Effects on Adolescent Brain and Behavioral Development

他的申请扩展了之前资助的一项针对低收入城市非裔美国人的调查， 儿童通过纵向跟踪到青春期。实验组（高暴露或低暴露） 产前接触可卡因，分娩时的毒理学测试证明。一个对照组是 由来自同一社区的未暴露的匹配儿童样本组成。这种平移 申请分两个阶段。第一阶段检查产前物质暴露如何与 近端大脑功能在青春期，通过神经心理学的注意力的措施进行评估， 记忆和执行功能;工作记忆的神经相关性和对风险的反应， 通过功能磁共振成像测量的奖励评估;以及唾液皮质醇的昼夜节律。因为产前物质 暴露通常发生在环境挑战的背景下（贫困，持续的药物使用， 护理中断），该应用程序将检查产前物质暴露的影响是否 受环境因素影响。在第二阶段，应用程序将检查产前如何 物质暴露与青少年的远端功能通过学习成绩，社会情绪， 发展和早期吸毒（大麻）。对急性挑战的反应，通过唾液皮质醇测量， 将用于了解青少年适应环境压力的能力，并最终了解他们的 对早期吸毒的抵抗力或脆弱性。应用程序将检查来自 产前物质暴露于远端行为是直接的或通过近端脑功能介导的。与 以发展生态学理论为指导，采用多方法、多信息源的策略， 来自青少年、看护者和教师的报告;神经心理学的标准化测量， 学术和社会情绪表现;脑成像;和应激反应的生物标志物（唾液 皮质醇）和药物使用（头发和尿液）。 该应用程序检查了青少年的贫血表现，社会情感功能和药物使用情况， 产前接触可卡因和/或海洛因的青少年

his application extends a previously funded investigation among low-income, urban African American children through longitudinal follow-up into adolescence. The Experimental Group (High or Low Exposure) was prenatally exposed to cocaine, documented by toxicology tests at delivery. A comparison group was comprised of an unexposed matched sample of children from the same community. This translational application has two phases. The first phase examines how prenatal substance exposure is related to proximal brain functioning during adolescence, assessed through neuropsychological measures of attention, memory, and executive functioning; the neural correlates of working memory and response to risk and reward evaluation measured by fMRI; and diurnal rhythms of salivary cortisol. Because prenatal substance exposure often occurs in the context of environmental challenges (poverty, ongoing drug use, and disruptions in care), the application will examine whether the effects of prenatal substance exposure are moderated by environmental factors. In the second phase, the application will examine how prenatal substance exposure is related to adolescents' distal functioning via academic performance, socio-emotional development, and early drug use (marijuana). Response to acute challenges, measured by salivary cortisol, will be used to understand the adolescents' ability to adapt to environmental pressures and ultimately their resilience or vulnerability to early drug use. The application will examine whether the relationship from prenatal substance exposure to distal behavior is direct or mediated through proximal brain functioning. With developmental-ecological theory as a guide, a multi-method, multi-informant strategy is used, incorporating reports from adolescents, caregivers, and teachers; standardized measures of neuropsychological, academic, and socioemotional performance; brain imaging; and biomarkers of the stress response (salivary cortisol) and drug use (hair and urine). This application examines adacemic performance, socio-emotional functioning, and drug use among adolescents exposed to cocaine and/or heroin prenatally