SCORCHIO: Sustainable Cities: Options for Responsing to Climate cHange Impacts and Outcomes

我们的城市和城市地区正变得越来越不健康、危险和不舒适的工作和生活。这些地区特别容易受到全球变暖的影响；夏天过热的建筑物带来的不健康和不适，以及日益严重的污染、洪水、下沉和其他影响。2003年的热浪在法国、英格兰和威尔士分别造成14802人和2045人死亡。预计的城市增长率意味着，随着气候变化的影响变得更大，脆弱性也将随之增加。如果城市要避免在长期内变得更加脆弱，就需要规划师、设计师和基础设施所有者在短期内采取行动。这些已经是紧迫的问题。在标准的气候变化研究中，既没有考虑城市景观的影响，也没有考虑城市内人类活动释放的热量，但这些因素已被证明可能非常重要。此外，建筑环境适应气候变化的科学和实践仍处于起步阶段。因此，为了为英国的城市和地区制定气候变化适应战略，迫切需要决策支持工具来评估和设计适应方案。来自英国气候影响计划UKCIP（称为UKCIPnext情景）的新预测将提供新的、更好的预测。SCORCHIO（可持续城市：应对气候变化影响和结果的选择）旨在开发工具，利用这些新的预测来帮助规划者、设计师、工程师和用户适应城市地区，特别强调热量和人体舒适度。它将通过处理下列目标来做到这一点：在个人电脑上为市区开发气候模拟器，用以评估问题，并考虑到温室效应和其他天气变化，以及由于建筑物、道路和交通造成的城市景观和供暖的额外影响，以适应避免或减少这些问题。2. 对典型建筑及其周围环境进行建模，以开发一种新的、易于使用的热量和人类舒适度脆弱性指数，该指数考虑了建筑结构、建筑类型以及建筑、空间和道路在城市和城市地区的选址方式的影响。3. 估算建筑物产生的热量，以及一系列与能源有关的空气污染物和温室气体排放，以了解不同的建筑物适应方案。开发基于计算机地图（gis）的方法来检查规划和设计中的适应性，以避免城市和城市地区的气候变化问题。5. 通过深入的案例研究，与曼彻斯特和谢菲尔德的执业规划师和设计师合作，展示在这项工作中开发的方法和工具。

Our urban and city areas are becoming increasingly unhealthy, dangerous and uncomfortable to work and live in. These areas are remarkably vulnerable to global warming; unhealthiness and discomfort from buildings overheating in the summer and increased pollution as well as flooding, subsidence and other effects. The 2003 heat wave was considered responsible for 14,802 and 2,045 excess deaths in France and England and Wales respectively. Projected rates of urban growth mean that vulnerability will increase at the same time as the impacts of climate change become greater. Actions by planners, designers and infrastructure owners are required in the short term if cities are to avoid becoming ever more vulnerable in the long term. These are already urgent problems. Neither the effects of the urban landscape nor the heat released by human activities within cities are considered in standard climate change research, but these have been shown to be potentially very significant. Also the science and practice of adaptation of the built environment to climate change is still in its infancy. For climate change adaptation strategies to be developed for cities and regions in the UK, there is therefore an urgent need for decision support tools to appraise and design adaptation options. The new forecasts from the UK Climate Impacts Programme UKCIP (called the UKCIPnext scenarios) will provide new, better predictions. SCORCHIO (Sustainable Cities: Options for Responding to Climate cHange Impacts and Outcomes) aims to develop tools that use these new forecasts to help planners, designers, engineers and users to adapt urban areas, with a particular emphasis on heat and human comfort. It will do so by addressing the following objectives:1. To develop on a PC a climate simulator for urban areas that can be used for assessing the problems and the adaptation to avoid or reduce them, taking account of both greenhouse warming and other weather changes and the additional effect of the urban landscape and heating due to the buildings, roads and traffic. 2. To model typical buildings and their surroundings in order to develop a new, readily usable heat and human comfort vulnerability index that accounts for the effects of building construction, type of building and how buildings, spaces and roads are sited in the city and urban areas. 3. To estimate the heat from buildings, together with a set of energy-related air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions to understand different building adaptation options.4. To develop computer map-based (GIS-based) methods for examining adaptation in planning and design to avoid climate change problems for urban and city areas. 5. To demonstrate the methods and tools developed in this work through in depth case studies, working in partnership with practicing planners and designers in Manchester and Sheffield.