Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence in Pregnant Women

亲密伴侣暴力(IPV)在美国是一个主要的公共卫生问题，已被证明 在怀孕期间非常普遍，特别是对社会经济地位较低的夫妇。IPV构成了一个 对孕妇来说问题尤其严重，因为这会使母亲和未出生的孩子面临严重的 身体伤害，包括死亡。这项申请建议对IPV的潜在风险因素进行调查 怀孕，如酗酒、压力、不忠、嫉妒和感情不和，来自两者的交叉- 横断面和纵向透视。这项研究的总体理论框架是基于 伦纳德的物质使用和亲密伴侣暴力的概念模型。这一理论认为 近端(直接的情况问题，如醉酒)和远端(持续、普遍的问题，如 关系不满意)总体负面背景下的因素(如社会经济地位低或 怀孕困难)会引发关系暴力。在这项拟议的研究中，有人认为应激源 与怀孕相关的外部应激源，如低社会经济地位造成 在酒精存在的情况下，容易使夫妇受到身体攻击的脆弱情况。 另外，巴斯和邓特利的进化论和哈里斯的进化论所讨论的进化论 社会认知理论被用来解释孕妇可能面临的特殊暴力风险。这 理论表明，对孕妇的暴力行为要么是一种症状，要么是 犯罪者与生俱来想要保护他的生殖地位，或者b)关系嫉妒的产物 未出生的孩子，其中男性伴侣感到他在浪漫关系中的安全感受到 从二和弦过渡到三和弦。虽然伦纳德的概念模型在普通夫妇中得到了支持 和击球者群体，这两种模型都没有在孕妇身上进行过测试。据我们所知，这是 首次明确研究了可能使孕妇罹患糖尿病风险增加的因素 经历亲密伴侣的暴力行为。孕妇(n=200)参加以下几个地点的任何一个 将邀请公共卫生诊所系统参与，以调查1)酒精在多大程度上 使用、压力、不忠、嫉妒和对关系的不满预示着亲密伴侣的暴力行为。 样本，以及2)评估酒精使用对以下关系的潜在缓和作用 嫉妒和亲密伴侣暴力、压力和亲密伴侣暴力。

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern in the United States and has been shown to be highly prevalent during pregnancy, particularly for couples of low socioeconomic status. IPV poses an especially serious problem for pregnant women as it puts both mother and unborn child at risk for severe physical harm, including death. This application proposes an investigation of potential risk factors for IPV in pregnancy, such as alcohol use, stress, infidelity, jealousy, and relationship discord, from both a cross- sectional and longitudinal perspective. The overarching theoretical frameork for this study is based on Leonard's conceptual model of substance use and intimate partner violence. This theory proposes that proximal (immediate situational issues such as intoxication) and distal (ongoing, pervasive problems such as relationship dissatisfaction) factors in an overall negative context (such as low socioeconomic status or difficult pregnancy) will precipitate relationship violence. In the proposed study, it is argued that stressors associated with pregnancy in combination with external stressors such as low socioeconomic status creates tenuous circumstances that in the presence of alcohol, predispose couples to physical aggression. Additionally, evolutionary theory as discussed by Buss & Duntley's evolved homicide theory and Harris' social-cognitive theory is used to explain the particular risks to violence that pregnant women may face. This theory suggests that the'violence perpetrated against expectant women is either a) a symptom of the perpetrator's innate desire to protect his reproductive status or b) a product of relational jealousy of the unborn child in which the male partner feels his security in the romantic relationship is threatened by the transition from dyad to triad. While Leonard's conceptual model has been supported in common couples and batterer populations, neither model has been tested in expectant individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation explicitly examining factors that may put pregnant women at increased risk for experiencing intimate partner violence. Expectant women (n=200) attending any one of several sites of a public health clinic system will be invited to participate in order to investigate 1) the extent to which alcohol use, stress, infidelity, jealousy, and relationship dissatisfaction predict intimate partner violence in this sample, and 2) to evaluate the potential moderating effects of alcohol use on the relationships between jealousy and intimate partner violence and stress and intimate partner violence.