Self-Control as a Moderator for Effects of Mass Media on Adolescent Substance Use

描述（由申请人提供）：青少年观看的电影和广告中暴露于吸烟和酒精线索的情况相当普遍，这些暴露已被表明对青少年吸烟和饮酒的影响。然而，很少有研究的因素，缓和媒体曝光的影响。我们的初步数据提供的证据表明，良好的自我控制减少了媒体曝光对青少年吸烟和饮酒的影响，但这种影响的范围和机制尚不清楚。拟议的研究将由一个多学科的研究小组进行，该小组一直在合作研究媒体效应。研究设计包括实地研究和实验室研究。现场研究将在流行病学设计中检查调节效应的性质，样本为1，800名青少年，随访时间超过4年，而四项实验室研究的样本为120名青少年和年轻人，在3个地点将检查关于调节效应机制的特定假设，在对照研究中采用外显和内隐认知测量。该研究基于一个双过程理论模型，该模型假设良好的自我控制将对吸烟和饮酒的发作和/或进展产生保护性调节作用，而不良的调节将产生脆弱性效应。这将在实地研究中通过测试从媒体暴露到期望、同伴关系和吸烟/饮酒行为的途径如何与自我对照亚组不同来进行研究。实验研究通过研究自我控制结构对物质使用的信息编码和近端影响的影响，探讨了四种假设的调节机制。我们假设，适度可能会发生通过不同的编码的风险和回报线索在媒体上;不同的反应，看到吸烟者和饮酒者在媒体上;差异的记忆可及性的期望吸烟和饮酒;或差异的社交能力和阻力效能的同龄人的情况下，有吸烟或饮酒的压力。结合现场和实验室研究将提供更详细的知识媒体对青少年吸烟和饮酒的影响，可以从单独进行的设计。这项研究具有理论意义，因为它提供了一个机会，以获得新的知识，尚未被广泛研究的缓和效果。从研究结果将是有用的通知媒体素养计划，通过展示更多的过程中，青少年与媒体的介绍，并建议为更多或更少的弱势群体设计健康传播的战略。因此，研究计划将有影响的基础研究媒体的影响和媒体为导向的预防研究吸烟/饮酒。 公共卫生相关性：这项研究与公共卫生有关，因为它研究了大众媒体中烟草和酒精的暴露，这种暴露在青少年中传播，对吸烟和早期饮酒的影响。该项目将产生有关因素的发现，可以减少媒体曝光对吸烟等健康相关行为的影响。这些结果将有助于教育计划，教青少年如何更好地处理有说服力的沟通，如广告和接触娱乐媒体，如电影和电视的潜在不利影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): There is a substantial prevalence of exposure to smoking and alcohol cues in movies and advertising viewed by adolescents, and these exposures have been indicated as an influence on adolescent smoking and alcohol use. However, there has been little research on factors that moderate the impact of media exposures. Our preliminary data provide evidence that good self-control reduces the impact of media exposures on adolescent smoking and alcohol use, but the scope and mechanism of this effect is not well understood. The proposed research to clarify the nature and mechanisms of moderation will be conducted by a multidisciplinary group of investigators who have been collaborating in studying media effects. The research design incorporates both field research and laboratory studies. The field study will examine the nature of moderation effects in an epidemiologic design with a sample of 1,800 younger adolescents followed over a 4-year period, while four laboratory studies with samples of 120 adolescents and young adults in 3 sites will examine specific hypotheses about the mechanism of moderation effects in controlled research with explicit and implicit cognitive measures. The research is based on a dual-process theoretical model which hypothesizes that good self-control will have a protective moderation effect for onset and/or progression of smoking and alcohol use whereas poor regulation will have a vulnerability effect. This will be investigated in the field study through testing how pathways from media exposure to expectancies, peer affiliations, and smoking/drinking behavior differ for self-control subgroups. The laboratory studies are designed to investigate four hypothesized mechanisms of moderation through studying effects of self- control constructs on encoding of information and enactment of proximal influences for substance use. We hypothesize that moderation may occur through differential encoding of risk and reward cues in media presentations; differential reactions to seeing smokers and drinkers in media; differential memory accessibility of expectancies about smoking and alcohol use; or differences in social competence and resistance efficacy in peer situations where there is pressure for smoking or drinking. The combination of field and laboratory studies will provide more detailed knowledge about media effects on adolescent smoking and alcohol use than can be obtained from either design conducted alone. The proposed research has theoretical significance because it provides an opportunity to obtain new knowledge about a moderation effect that has not been extensively studied. Findings from the research will be useful for informing media literacy programs by showing more about the processes through which adolescents interact with media presentations and suggesting strategies for designing health communications for more or less vulnerable groups. Thus the research program will have implications for both basic research on media influence and for media-oriented prevention research on smoking/alcohol use. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: This research is relevant to public health because it studies exposure to tobacco and alcohol cues in mass media, an exposure that is spread through the population of adolescents and has an impact on uptake of cigarette smoking and early alcohol use. The project will yield findings about factors that can reduce the impact of media exposures on health-related behaviors such as cigarette smoking. The results will be useful for educational programs that teach adolescents how to deal better with persuasive communications such as advertising and with exposure to potentially adverse influences in entertainment media such as movies and television.