EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE ON EMPATHY

这个子项目是许多研究子项目中的一个 由NIH/NCRR资助的中心赠款提供的资源。子项目和 研究者（PI）可能从另一个NIH来源获得了主要资金， 因此可以在其他CRISP条目中表示。所列机构为 研究中心，而研究中心不一定是研究者所在的机构。 如果另一只黑猩猩在打斗中受伤，黑猩猩往往会靠近它们，用胳膊搂住它们。这被称为安慰行为。他们还表现出有针对性的帮助，他们为他人提供他们需要的帮助，例如支持受伤的同伴。 我们已经建立了一个研究项目，从两个层面研究同理心的表达：a）我们可以在黑猩猩的群体生活中观察到的自发表达; B）我们使用传染行为作为同理心代表的实验情境（因为在人类中，这种行为与同理心相关，例如在自闭症儿童中基本上不存在）。有实验证据表明，其他动物，如老鼠和猴子的情绪传染。在耶基斯灵长类中心的两个社会群体中观察黑猩猩的自发行为，以测量对受伤或痛苦的个体的社会反应，例如失去战斗的个体。罗梅罗博士正在对15年多的计算机记录进行大规模分析，其中包括4,000多起黑猩猩之间的攻击事件。 该项目的实验部分旨在测试对视频上的社会序列的反应，特别是序列的首选结果，其结果可能从侵略升级到他人向攻击受害者提供的保证。我们还进行了一项打哈欠传染研究，让黑猩猩面对一个打哈欠的头的动画，目前正在增加一项研究，研究它们对黑猩猩打哈欠的实际录像的反应。 我们进一步增加了对金沙萨避难所倭黑猩猩行为的观察，这是一个由莫尼克·卡纳托博士领导的安慰行为项目。

This subproject is one of many research subprojects utilizing the resources provided by a Center grant funded by NIH/NCRR. The subproject and investigator (PI) may have received primary funding from another NIH source, and thus could be represented in other CRISP entries. The institution listed is for the Center, which is not necessarily the institution for the investigator. If another chimpanzee has been hurt in a fight, chimpanzees tend to approach them, and put an arm around them. This is known as consolation behavior. They also show targeted helping in which they provide others with assistance they need, such as supporting an injured companion. We have set up a research program to study expressions of empathy on two levels: a) spontaneous expressions that we can observe in the chimpanzee's group life and b) experimental situations in which we use contagious behavior as a proxy of empathy (because in humans such behaviors correlate with empathy, and are for example largely absent in autistic children). There is experimental evidence for emotional contagion in other animals, such as rats and monkeys. Observations of spontaneous behavior among chimpanzees in two social groups at the Yerkes Primate Center so as to measure social responses to hurt or distressed individuals, such as individuals who have lost a fight. Dr. Romero is conducting a large-scale analysis of more than fifteen years of computer records, which include over 4,000 aggressive incidents among the chimpanzees. The experimental component of the project seeks to test responses to social sequences on video, particularly the preferred outcome of sequences, which outcomes may range from escalation of aggression to reassurance provided by others to a victim of attack. We have also conducted a yawn-contagion study in which chimpanzees faced animations of a yawning head, and are currently adding a study of their reactions to actual videotaped yawns of chimpanzees. We have further added observations of bonobo behavior at a Kinshasa sanctuary on consolation behavior, a project led by Dr. Monique Fortunato.