Video Vignettes: Measuring Risk Perception in Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault

描述（由申请人提供）：大量饮酒和性侵犯史（SA）与成人SA风险增加有关（例如，Testa & Parks, 1996）。假设饮酒和SA病史会增加SA风险的一个机制是，它们会影响女性在SA发生前感知风险线索的能力。在较高水平的酒精消费中，女性可能无法识别（例如，酒精性近视）即将发生SA的风险线索，这可能导致她们无法从高风险情况中解脱出来（Norris等人，1996）。一些研究表明，抗SA能力随着酒精摄入量的增加而下降（Abbey et al., 2002）。同样，由于先前SA的创伤，女性可能会经历影响失调（例如，分离），这使她们在面对SA的威胁时无法做出适当的反应（例如，反应过度或反应不足），从而阻止她们保护自己（Cloitre, 1998）。因此，当面临新的SA威胁时，酒精使用和SA病史都会导致认知（即风险识别降低）和行为（自我移除）反应受损。几项研究通过操纵书面（例如，Yeater等，2010）或录音（例如，Wilson等，1999）小片段中的特定风险提示，评估了不同酒精条件下女性的风险感知缺陷（例如，Cue等，1996）或SA历史的函数（例如，Soler-Baillo等，2005）。这些研究已经发现证据支持高水平饮酒和有SA病史的女性对风险认知的降低。虽然这些小插曲的传递模式是成功的，但它们限制或遗漏了非语言和环境线索，这些线索可能表明在现实生活中可能存在SA的风险。视频片段提供了一种模式，其中可以呈现非语言（例如面部表情）和视觉环境线索（例如孤立）以及口头风险线索，从而允许更真实地反映SA情况并充分评估潜在风险线索。本R21申请提出了一种创新的计算机化视频小插曲测量方法的开发和验证，用于评估年轻女性对SA风险线索的感知。提出了多种方法来开发和验证小插曲（即焦点小组、专家小组反馈和有或没有酒精管理的试点测试）。制定新措施的主要目标是捕捉风险感知的所有维度，以便我们能够更充分地了解其他因素（如饮酒和SA病史）通过哪些因素干扰这种感知，从而使妇女面临更大的SA风险。这个R21的第二个目标是比较新开发的视频小插曲的书面和音频版本的相同的小插曲。在比较不同的小插曲管理模式时，我们希望确定哪种模式对于线索识别来说是最现实和准确的。未来的应用将包括开发独特的预防方案，使用视频测量作为培训工具来提高妇女的风险认知，以降低SA风险。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Both greater alcohol consumption and a history of sexual assault (SA) have been associated with increased risk for adult SA (e.g., Testa & Parks, 1996). One mechanism through which both alcohol consumption and a history of SA are hypothesized to increase risk for SA is through their impact on women's ability to perceive risk cues prior to a SA. At greater levels of alcohol consumption, women may fail to recognize (e.g., alcohol myopia) risk cues for impending SA which may result in failure to extract themselves from a high risk situation (Norris et al., 1996). Several studies have shown that ability to resist SA is decreased with greater alcohol consumption (Abbey et al., 2002). Similarly, as a result of trauma from a prior SA, women may experience affect dysregulation (e.g., dissociation) that prevents them from reacting appropriately (e.g., over or under react) when faced with a threat of SA, thus preventing them from protecting themselves (Cloitre, 1998). Therefore, both alcohol use and SA history lead to impaired cognitive (i.e., decreased risk recognition) and behavioral (removal of oneself) responses when faced with a new threat of SA. Several studies have assessed deficits in risk perception among women under different alcohol conditions (e.g., Cue et al., 1996) or as a function of SA history (e.g., Soler-Baillo et al., 2005) by manipulating specific risk cues in written (e.g., Yeater et al., 2010) or audio-taped (e.g., Wilson et al., 1999) vignettes. These studies have found evidence to support reductions in risk perception at higher levels of alcohol consumption and among women with SA histories. While these modes of vignette delivery have been successful, they limit or are missing nonverbal and environmental cues that could signal risk for SA that are likely to be present in a real life situation. Video vignettes provide a mode in which nonverbal (e.g., facial expressions) and visual environmental cues (e.g., isolation), as well as verbal risk cues can be presented, thus allowing for a more realistic reflection of a SA situation and full assessment of potential risk cues. This R21 application proposes the development and validation of an innovative computerized, video vignette measure for use in assessing young women's perceptions of risk cues for SA. Multiple methods are proposed for developing and validating the vignettes (i.e., focus groups, expert panel feedback, and pilot testing with and without alcohol administration). The primary goal of developing the new measure is to capture all of the dimensions of risk perception so that we can more fully understand the mechanisms through which other factors, such as alcohol consumption and SA history, interfere with this perception to place women at greater risk for SA. A secondary goal of this R21 is to compare the newly developed video vignettes to written and audio versions of the same vignettes. In comparing the different modes of vignette administration, we hope to determine which mode is perceived most realistically and accurately for cue recognition. Future applications would involve development of unique prevention programs using the video measure as a training tool to improve women's risk perception to reduce SA risk. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: The proposed research aims to develop a new computerized video vignette measure to assess women's ability to perceive risks for sexual assault during heterosexual drinking situations. This measure improves upon existing written and audio-taped measures by including non-verbal risk cues that are missing in these other modes of vignette presentation, yet are important components in any social interaction that involves communication. Development and validation of this measure will occur through a rigorous multi-method process.