Video Vignettes: Measuring Risk Perception in Alcohol-Related Sexual Assault

描述(由申请人提供)：更多的酒精消费和性侵犯(SA)病史都与成人SA的风险增加相关(例如，Testa&Parks，1996)。假设饮酒和SA病史都会增加SA的风险，其中一个机制是通过它们对女性在SA之前感知风险线索的能力的影响。在酒精消费水平较高时，女性可能无法识别(例如，酒精性近视)即将到来的SA的风险线索，这可能导致她们无法从高风险情况下脱身(Norris等人，1996年)。一些研究表明，随着饮酒量的增加，抵抗金黄色葡萄球菌的能力会降低(Abbey等人，2002年)。同样，由于先前SA的创伤，女性可能会经历情感调节失调(例如，分离)，使她们在面临SA的威胁时无法做出适当的反应(例如，反应过度或反应不足)，从而阻止她们保护自己(Cloitre，1998)。因此，当面临SA的新威胁时，酒精使用和SA病史都会导致认知(即风险识别能力降低)和行为(自我移除)反应受损。有几项研究通过操纵书面(如耶特等人，2010年)或录音(如威尔逊等人，1999年)片段中的特定风险线索，评估了女性在不同酒精条件下(如Cue等人，1996年)或作为SA病史的函数(如Soler-Baillo等人，2005年)在风险认知方面的缺陷。这些研究发现，有证据表明，在饮酒量较高的情况下，以及有SA病史的女性中，风险感知会降低。虽然这些小片段传递模式取得了成功，但它们限制了或错过了可能在现实生活中出现的SA风险的非语言和环境线索。视频小插曲提供了一种模式，其中可以呈现非语言(例如面部表情)和视觉环境线索(例如隔离)以及语言风险线索，从而允许更真实地反映SA情况和全面评估潜在的风险线索。这个R21应用程序建议开发和验证一种创新的计算机化视频片段测量方法，用于评估年轻女性对SA风险线索的感知。提出了多种方法来开发和验证小插曲(即，焦点小组、专家小组反馈，以及在有或没有酒精注射的情况下进行试点测试)。制定这项新措施的主要目标是捕捉风险认知的所有维度，以便我们能够更充分地了解其他因素，如饮酒和SA病史，通过哪些机制干扰这种认知，使女性面临更大的SA风险。R21的第二个目标是将新开发的视频片段与相同片段的书面和音频版本进行比较。在比较不同的Vignette管理模式时，我们希望确定哪种模式对于线索识别最真实和准确。未来的应用将包括开发独特的预防计划，使用视频测量作为一种培训工具，以改善妇女的风险感知，以降低SA风险。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Both greater alcohol consumption and a history of sexual assault (SA) have been associated with increased risk for adult SA (e.g., Testa & Parks, 1996). One mechanism through which both alcohol consumption and a history of SA are hypothesized to increase risk for SA is through their impact on women's ability to perceive risk cues prior to a SA. At greater levels of alcohol consumption, women may fail to recognize (e.g., alcohol myopia) risk cues for impending SA which may result in failure to extract themselves from a high risk situation (Norris et al., 1996). Several studies have shown that ability to resist SA is decreased with greater alcohol consumption (Abbey et al., 2002). Similarly, as a result of trauma from a prior SA, women may experience affect dysregulation (e.g., dissociation) that prevents them from reacting appropriately (e.g., over or under react) when faced with a threat of SA, thus preventing them from protecting themselves (Cloitre, 1998). Therefore, both alcohol use and SA history lead to impaired cognitive (i.e., decreased risk recognition) and behavioral (removal of oneself) responses when faced with a new threat of SA. Several studies have assessed deficits in risk perception among women under different alcohol conditions (e.g., Cue et al., 1996) or as a function of SA history (e.g., Soler-Baillo et al., 2005) by manipulating specific risk cues in written (e.g., Yeater et al., 2010) or audio-taped (e.g., Wilson et al., 1999) vignettes. These studies have found evidence to support reductions in risk perception at higher levels of alcohol consumption and among women with SA histories. While these modes of vignette delivery have been successful, they limit or are missing nonverbal and environmental cues that could signal risk for SA that are likely to be present in a real life situation. Video vignettes provide a mode in which nonverbal (e.g., facial expressions) and visual environmental cues (e.g., isolation), as well as verbal risk cues can be presented, thus allowing for a more realistic reflection of a SA situation and full assessment of potential risk cues. This R21 application proposes the development and validation of an innovative computerized, video vignette measure for use in assessing young women's perceptions of risk cues for SA. Multiple methods are proposed for developing and validating the vignettes (i.e., focus groups, expert panel feedback, and pilot testing with and without alcohol administration). The primary goal of developing the new measure is to capture all of the dimensions of risk perception so that we can more fully understand the mechanisms through which other factors, such as alcohol consumption and SA history, interfere with this perception to place women at greater risk for SA. A secondary goal of this R21 is to compare the newly developed video vignettes to written and audio versions of the same vignettes. In comparing the different modes of vignette administration, we hope to determine which mode is perceived most realistically and accurately for cue recognition. Future applications would involve development of unique prevention programs using the video measure as a training tool to improve women's risk perception to reduce SA risk.