A neuronal process of the error signal that drives saccade adaptation

项目摘要/摘要 运动适应是相关运动缺陷后功能恢复的重要因素 因中风、损伤或衰老而导致神经损伤。这种运动恢复或适应是由错误指示的 由大脑根据期望运动和实际运动之间的不匹配计算出的信号 产生了动静。然而，处理特定误差信号的大脑回路(S)还不清楚。这个 我研究的长期目标是确定处理误差信号的神经机制以优化 感觉-运动行为。了解这些机制和它们背后的电路将有助于 为运动障碍设计康复疗法。 我们已经通过使用猴子跳跃的眼球运动来接近我们的目标，这提供了一个理想的 因为眼跳模型是精确的，只使用几块肌肉，相关的脑干神经回路就有了 有很好的记录，他们可以通过完善的方法来进行运动适应 行为范式。到目前为止，我们知道在动眼蠕虫(oculomomtor vermis，OMV)中复杂的棘波放电编码 马达错误和OMV是适应目标扫视所必需的。OMV中的复杂尖峰 发自下橄榄接受上丘(SC)投射的部分。此前， 我们已经证明，对SC的电微刺激，定时模拟视觉错误信号，诱导眼跳 适应。因此，SC似乎是错误信号通路的重要组成部分。 在这项研究中，我们提出了三个项目来测试SC在编码错误信号时的参与程度 眼跳适应。第一个项目旨在确定是否需要SC来适应 瞄准扫视。我们将可逆地使SC失活，在此期间我们预测猴子将 当受到行为适应范式的影响时，无法调整其眼跳。第二个项目是 旨在识别SC视觉活动与驱动适应的视觉错误信号之间的相关性。我们会 寻找SC视觉活动与错误大小的相关性(小错误比大错误更能促进适应) 以及适应速度，随着适应的进行而降低。第三个项目将决定是否 SC还用于适应其他类型的扫视，包括记忆引导、延迟、扫描和 快递。我们将在这些不同类型中的一种之后对SC进行电刺激，以模拟错误信号 对于目标扫视，确定这种人为错误是否会导致适应。如果是这样，我们将测试 适应是否转移到其他类型。我们预计，这三个结果加在一起， 项目将有助于建立SC在扫视适应中以前未被怀疑的角色。

Project Summary/Abstract Motor adaptation is an important factor in the recovery of function following motor deficits associated with neural damage due to stroke, injury or aging. Such motor recovery or adaptation, is instructed by an error signal that is calculated by the brain from the mismatch between the desired movement and the actual movement produced. However, the brain circuits that process specific error signal(s) are not understood. The long-term goal of my research is to identify the neural mechanisms that process error signals to optimize sensory-motor behavior. Understanding these mechanisms and the circuitry underlying them will assist in devising rehabilitation therapies for motor deficits. We have approached our goal by using monkey saccadic eye movements, which provide an ideal model because saccades are precise, use only a few muscles, the associated brainstem neural circuit has been well documented and they can be made to undergo motor adaptation by means of well-established behavioral paradigms. Thus far, we know that complex spike firing in the oculomotor vermis (OMV) encodes motor error and that the OMV is required for adaptation of targeting saccades. Complex spikes in the OMV originate in a part of the inferior olive that receives a projection from the superior colliculus (SC). Previously, we have shown that electrical micro-stimulation of the SC, timed to mimic visual error signals, induces saccade adaptation. Thus, the SC appears to be an important part of the error signal pathway. In this study, we propose three projects to test the involvement of the SC in coding an error signal for saccade adaptation. The first project is directed at determining whether the SC is required for adaptation of targeting saccades. We will inactivate the SC reversibly during which time we predict that the monkey will be unable to adapt its saccades when subjected to a behavioral adaptation paradigm. The second project is directed at identifying correlates in SC visual activity with the visual error signal that drives adaptation. We will look for correlations of SC visual activity with error size (small errors drive adaptation better than large ones) and with adaptation rate, which decreases as adaptation progresses. The third project will determine whether the SC is also used for adaptation of other types of saccade, including memory-guided, delayed, scanning and express. We will electrically stimulate the SC after one of these different types to mimic an error signal and determine whether, as for targeting saccades, this artificial error causes adaptation. If it does, we will test whether the adaptation transfers to the other types. We anticipate that together the results of these three projects will help establish a previously unsuspected role for the SC in saccade adaptation.