Non-invasive Multi-modal Parcellation of the Human Cerebral Cortex

描述（由申请人提供）：皮质区构成了人类皮质功能和解剖组织的重要和可及水平。在非人类灵长类动物的侵入性研究中，皮质区域已经被定义为功能（响应外部或内部刺激的神经活动模式），架构（皮质每个区域内的clls和连接的组织），连接性（不同区域之间连接的差异）和地形（空间，身体等的地图存在于某些皮质区域）。基于我们对猕猴的广泛了解和对人类的有限了解，人类大脑皮层包含150到200个皮质区域，这些区域最好使用多模态神经成像方法进行识别。该项目有两个目标：1）改进基于MRI的非侵入性架构技术，髓鞘映射，我们最近发现它可以在组平均数据中定义许多皮质区域。伪影破坏了组平均数据的某些区域，并且个体具有更多伪影。我们将使用改进的算法在更高质量的数据中检测和纠正这些伪影。预期的结果是更好的髓鞘地图和能力，以确定个人的皮质区。2)在静息态fMRI（R-fMRI）数据中识别可重复的皮质区域和区域边界。我们将改进基于梯度的R-fMRI分割，并将其应用于人类连接组计划获得的高分辨率7 T R-fMRI数据。这一目标应该产生更详细的皮质区和区域边界图，这些图显示出跨扫描、受试者内、跨受试者以及与其他模式相比的一致性。预期的结果是一个更详细的地图皮质区定义的R-fMRI功能连接和相关的已发表的解剖和功能研究。将解剖学和功能数据定位到皮层区域的改进方法将大大有助于健康和疾病中大脑连接和功能的研究。准确定义个人和群体的皮层区域将使研究精神障碍的科学家能够更好地比较他们在个人，群体和研究中的结果。它还将使那些直接涉及疾病的皮层区域的具体研究成为可能。NIMH战略计划反复提到神经成像和人脑区域。解释神经成像模式将大大有助于改善人类大脑皮层区域在人群中的地图，并能够准确地定义正在研究的非侵入性个人的区域。皮质区的准确定义还允许它们用作疾病的生物标志物（或作为用于测量其他非侵入性生物标志物（诸如髓磷脂含量、功能连接或扩散纤维束成像）的神经生物学基础的界标）。NIMH的基本脑和行为科学优先事项也强调在神经影像学研究中使用良好的解剖信息，这是本提案的目的。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cortical areas constitute an important and accessible level of functional and anatomical organization of the human cortex. In invasive studies of nonhuman primates, cortical areas have been defined using differences in Function (neural activity patterns in response to external or internal stimuli), Architecture (the organization of clls and connections within each area of the cortex), Connectivity (differences in connections between different areas), and Topography (maps of space, the body, etc present in some cortical areas). Based on our extensive knowledge in the macaque and limited knowledge in the human, the human cerebral cortex contains between 150 and 200 cortical areas that can best be identified using a mutli-modal neuroimaging approach. The project aims are twofold: 1) To improve upon a non-invasive MRI-based architectonic technique, myelin mapping, that we recently showed can define many cortical areas in group-average data. Artifacts corrupt some regions of the group average data and individuals have more artifacts. We will use improved algorithms to detect and correct these artifacts in higher quality data. The anticipated outcomes are better myelin maps and the ability to define cortical areas in individuals. 2) To identify reproducible cortical areas and areal boundaries in resting state fMRI (R-fMRI) data. We will improve gradient-based R-fMRI parcellation and apply it to high-resolution 7T R-fMRI data acquired by the Human Connectome Project. This aim should yield more detailed maps of cortical areas and areal borders that show consistency across scans, within subjects, across subjects, and when compared to other modalities. The anticipated outcome is a more detailed map of cortical areas defined by R-fMRI functional connectivity and related to published anatomical and functional studies. The study of brain connectivity and function in heath and disease will benefit greatly from improved methods for localizing anatomical and functional data to the cortical areas. Accurately defining cortical areas in individuals and groups will allow scientists studying mental disorders to better compare their results across individuals, groups, and studies. It will also enable specific study of those cortical areas directly implicated in the disease. The NIMH Strategic Plan mentions neuroimaging and human brain areas repeatedly. Interpreting neuroimaging patterns will be greatly aided by improved maps of human cortical areas across populations and the ability to accurately define areas in the individuals being studied non-invasively. Accurate definition of cortical areas also allows for their use as biomarkers of diseases (or as neurobiologically grounded landmarks for measuring other non-invasive biomarkers such as myelin content, functional connectivity, or diffusion tractography). The NIMH Priorities for Basic Brain and Behavioral Science also emphasizes the use of good anatomical information in neuroimaging studies, which this proposal aims to provide.