Low-Cost Catalytic Biomass Cookstove for Improved Indoor Air Quality

描述：估计有25亿人，约占世界人口的三分之一，依靠生物质燃料做饭。生物质炉灶的排放导致全球气候变化、室内/当地空气质量问题，以及相关的健康影响。特别是，与生物质炉灶有关的室内空气质量问题对急性呼吸道感染率有很大影响。最近开发的强制空气和“火箭”炉灶提供了改进，但不太可能始终符合世卫组织关于室内空气质量的指导方针。CO、未燃烧碳氢化合物(包括甲醛等空气有毒物质)和颗粒物(PM)的排放尤其成问题。与汽车排放控制的发展类似，先进的生物质炉灶已经发展到了加入氧化催化剂是顺理成章的下一步。然而，广泛使用的贵金属氧化催化剂昂贵得令人望而却步。相反，我们建议在炉子中集成一种低成本的替代氧化催化剂。拟议中的催化剂，最初是作为柴油开发的 碳烟氧化催化剂，已在本实验室合成并进行了测试，其对黑碳颗粒的氧化活性已得到证实。该计划将涉及更多的催化剂开发活动，包括优化组成比，确定CO和未燃烧碳氢化合物的氧化活性，以及在真实世界的燃烧应用中进行测试。为了最大限度地传递到锅内物品的热量，拟议的炉子设计还包括允许微调空气流动、燃料/AI混合和热释放的设计特征。拟议的第一阶段方法将严重依赖计算流体动力学(CFD)、快速原型制作和实验室测试。将对基线炉灶和低成本催化炉原型进行PM、CO和碳氢化合物排放的实验室测量。先进厨灶的商业化战略寻求在肯尼亚等发展中国家制造炉具，这些炉具将在那里销售。这种方法将降低制造成本，并提供当地就业机会。与其他催化剂不同，建议的催化剂不需要专门的湿化学方法来合成。相比之下，催化剂合成基本上与传统的玻璃制造相同，只需要一个熔炉和商品化学品。开发的所有阶段都将考虑当地的可制造性、维护和用户接受度。用户的接受程度将取决于当地的烹饪传统和当地生物质燃料的可变性。我们计划与疾控中心和全球清洁厨灶联盟密切合作，了解用户需求，并在第二阶段安排现场试验。

DESCRIPTION: An estimated 2.5 billion people, or about one-third of the world's population, rely on biomass fuel for cooking. Emissions from biomass cook stoves contribute to global climate change, indoor/local air quality issues, and related health effects. In particular, indoor ir quality issues related to biomass cook stoves contribute significantly to rates of acute respiratory infection. Recently developed forced air and "rocket" stoves offer improvements but are unlikely to consistently meet WHO guidelines for indoor air quality. Emissions of CO, unburned hydrocarbons (including air toxics like formaldehyde) and particulate matter (PM) are particularly problematic. Similar to the evolution of emissions controls for automobiles, advanced biomass cook stoves have progressed to the point where inclusion of an oxidation catalyst is the logical next step. However, the widely used noble-metal oxidation catalysts are prohibitively expensive. Instead, we propose the inclusion of a low-cost alternative oxidation catalyst that is integrated into the stove. The proposed catalyst, originally developed as a diesel soot oxidation catalyst, has previously been synthesized and tested in our laboratory, and its activity for oxidation of black carbon particles has been confirmed. Further catalyst development activities that will be addressed in this program include optimization of the constituent ratios, determining the activity for oxidation of CO and unburned hydrocarbons, and testing in a real-world combustion application. To maximize heat transfer to the contents of the pot, the proposed stove design also includes design features that allow fine tuning of the air flow, fuel/ai mixing, and heat release. The proposed Phase I approach will rely heavily on computational fluid dynamics (CFD), rapid prototyping, and laboratory testing. Laboratory measurements of PM, CO, and hydrocarbon emissions will be performed for both baseline stoves and the prototype low-cost, catalytic stove. The commercialization strategy for the advanced cook stove seeks to manufacture the stoves in developing countries like Kenya, where the stoves would be sold. This approach will lower manufacturing costs and provide local jobs. Unlike other catalysts, the proposed catalyst requires no specialized wet chemistry methods for its synthesis. In contrast, the catalyst synthesis is essentially the same as traditional glass making and requires only a furnace and commodity chemicals. All stages of the development will consider local manufacturability, maintenance, and user acceptance. User acceptance will depend on local cooking traditions and variability of local biomass fuels. We plan to work closely with the CDC and the Global Alliance for Clean Cook stoves to understand user needs and to arrange field trials in Phase II.