Optical Imaging in Infants

描述（由申请人提供）：用数字上不同的物体来表示世界的能力是早期认知发展的一个里程碑，也是更复杂的思想和行为的基础。未能发展这种能力将使婴儿面临后期发育困难的重大风险。最近的研究揭示了婴儿使用特征信息来区分物体的能力的重要发展变化。然而，人们对这些变化背后的神经机制知之甚少，这在很大程度上是因为用于测量婴儿大脑功能的非侵入性技术数量有限。因此，迫切需要找到新的方法来确定行为与大脑在对象处理中的功能之间的关系。其中一种方法是近红外光谱（NIRS），这是一种光学成像技术，利用脑血容量的变化作为神经激活的指标。由于近红外光谱是安全且无创的，可以在行为任务中使用，并提供有关神经激活的空间和时间信息，因此它是这类婴儿研究的理想选择。在本应用中提出的研究将使用近红外光谱来识别在对象处理任务期间神经激活的变化。该应用程序的目的是确定婴儿(a)使用形状、大小、颜色和亮度信息来个性化物体的能力的神经基础，以及(b)从各种感知线索（例如，连贯运动和轮廓）中提取形状的能力。该研究的核心假设是，婴儿通过形状、颜色和亮度差异来区分物体的能力，与高级物体处理区域中独特的、定义明确的神经激活模式有关。此外，婴儿在连贯运动和连接轮廓的基础上感知物体形状的能力将与独特的脑外皮层神经激活模式有关。这一假设是根据我们实验室收集的行为和神经影像学数据制定的。这项研究的基本原理是，一旦我们确定了支持婴儿基于特征的物体表征和个性化的神经基质，就有可能制定一个关注大脑-行为关系的物体处理的发展模型。

Description (provided by applicant): The capacity to represent the world in terms of numerically distinct objects is a milestone in early cognitive development and forms the foundation for more complex thought and behavior. Failure to develop this capacity places infants at significant risk for later developmental difficulties. Recent research has revealed important developmental changes in infants' ability to use featural information to individuate objects. However, relatively little is known about the neural mechanisms that underlie these changes, in large part because there are a limited number of non-invasive techniques available to measure brain function in infants. Hence, there is a critical need to identify new methods to specify the relation between behavior and brain function in object processing. One such method is near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), an optical imaging technique that uses changes in cerebral blood volume as an indicator of neural activation. Because NIRS is safe and non-invasive, can be used during behavioral tasks, and provides spatial and temporal information about neural activation, it is ideal for infant research of this kind. The research proposed in this application will use NIRS to identity changes in neural activation during object processing tasks. The objective of this application is to identify the neural basis of infants' ability to (a) use shape, size, color, and luminance information to individuate objects and (b) extract shape from a variety of perceptual cues (e.g., coherent motion and contour). The central hypothesis is that infants' capacity to individuate objects using shape, color, and luminance differences will be associated with unique, well-defined patterns of neural activation in higher level object processing areas. In addition, infants' capacity to perceive the shape of an object on the basis of coherent motion and connected contour will be associated with unique patterns of neural activation in extrastriate cortex. This hypothesis has been formulated on the basis of behavioral and neuroimaging data collected in our lab. The rationale for the proposed research is that once we have identified the neural substrates that support featurally-based object representation and individuation in the infant, it will be possible to formulate a developmental model of object processing that focuses on brain-behavior relations.