Social phobia and cigarette smoking: An experimental investigation

描述(由申请人提供)：吸烟是一种普遍且代价高昂的行为，据估计，在美国每年有超过44万人死于吸烟(CDC，2008a)。在患有精神病的人中，吸烟率尤其高(CDC，2008a)。在这类精神病患者中，社交恐惧症患者是吸烟率较高的一大群人，他们的戒烟率低于非精神病患者(Lasser等人，2000年；Ruscio等人，2008年)。这些发现突出了吸烟者与SP作为一个特别重要的群体进行进一步检查。对于SP患者，吸烟可以用来减少在社交场合预期和期间的社交焦虑感，也可以用来增加与其他吸烟者的接触(McCabe等人，2004；Wittchen，Stein和Kessler，1999)。现有的两项前瞻性纵向研究表明，SP和吸烟之间存在关系，而且这种关系在本质上可能是暂时的，因此SP和SP的症状可以预测尼古丁依赖的发生(Breslau，Novak和Kessler，2004；Sonntag等人，2000)。尽管存在这种关系，但到目前为止，还没有研究对SP和吸烟之间的功能关系进行实验研究，以确定SP患者是否以这种方式使用香烟来减少焦虑，以预测社交情况或应对与这些情况相关的压力。考虑到吸烟的长期后果，重要的是要清楚地了解吸烟和SP之间的功能关系，以便在未来为SP患者制定有针对性的干预和戒烟计划。为此，拟议的研究探讨了SP水平(高SP，健康对照，平均SP)与吸烟相关结果(吸烟地形、香烟渴求、香烟的相对强化效果(RRE))之间的关系，作为诱导的社会压力(中性，压力)的函数。此外，本研究还考察了负强化期望值(NRES)作为SP和吸烟结果之间关系的调节因素。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Cigarette smoking is a prevalent and costly behavior that is estimated to kill over 440,000 people in the United States every year (CDC, 2008a). Rates of cigarette smoking are particularly elevated among individuals with psychopathology (CDC, 2008a). Within this category of individuals with psychopathology, individuals with Social Phobia (SP) represent a large group with elevated rates of cigarette smoking who quit smoking at rates lower than that of individuals without psychopathology (Lasser et al., 2000; Ruscio et al., 2008). These findings highlight cigarette smokers with SP as a particularly important group for further examination. For individuals with SP, cigarette smoking may be used to reduce feelings of social anxiety in anticipation of and during social situations and may also be used to increase contact with other smokers (McCabe et al., 2004; Wittchen, Stein, & Kessler, 1999). Two existing prospective longitudinal studies suggest that a relationship between SP and cigarette smoking exists and that this relationship may be temporal in nature such that SP and SP symptoms predict the onset of nicotine dependence (Breslau, Novak, & Kessler, 2004; Sonntag et al., 2000). Despite this relationship, no studies to date have experimentally examined the functional relationship between SP and cigarette smoking in order to determine if cigarettes are being used in this manner by individuals with SP to reduce anxiety in anticipation of social situations or in response to stress associated with these situations. Considering the long-term consequences of cigarette smoking, it is important to get a clear understanding of the functional relationship between cigarette smoking and SP in order to create targeted interventions and cessation programs in the future for individuals with SP. Towards this end, the proposed study examines the relationship between level of SP (high SP, healthy control with average SP) and cigarette smoking-related outcomes (smoking topography, cigarette craving, relative reinforcement efficacy (RRE) of a cigarette) as a function of induced social stress (neutral, stress). Additionally, the current study examines negative reinforcement expectancies (NREs) as a moderator of the relationship between SP and smoking outcomes.