International Differences in Health, Longevity, and SES

描述（由申请人提供）：我们的第一个目标是研究一系列欧洲国家和美国的早期生活条件和儿童健康对成年后显著生活结果的影响，包括成人健康和社会经济地位（SES）。早期生活条件的差异可能是国际间成人健康差异的一个重要来源。其次，我们将研究社会经济地位与健康之间的双重途径，重点是英国和美国。通过使用自我报告和疾病生物标记物检查未来新慢性疾病的发病是否与关键的SES标记物（收入、财富和教育）相关，探索从SES到健康的途径。我们将研究经济地位的“创新”是否会影响健康——尤其是在最近的金融危机期间。健康对劳动力供给、收入和财富的反馈可能在数量上很重要。健康结果包括身体和心理健康，包括抑郁、心理社会健康、整体幸福感和生活满意度。我们的第三个具体目的是研究在英国和美国，SES的替代测量与随后的全因和特定原因事件死亡率之间的关系。在健康问题发生后处理其后果时，获得财政资源可能是必不可少的。最后的具体目标是检查不同的癌症筛查率是否可以解释国家癌症发病率差异的重要部分，特别是那些对美国不利的国家。众所周知，不同类型的癌症的筛查有所不同，据信，在美国，乳腺癌、结肠癌和前列腺癌的筛查比英国更积极，而对呼吸系统癌症的筛查则较低。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Our first objective examines impacts of early life conditions and childhood health across a set of European countries and the US on salient later life adult outcomes including adult health and socioeconomic status (SES). Differences in early life conditions are potentially an important source of international differences in adult health. Second, we will study dual pathways between SES and health with an emphasis on England and America. Pathways from SES to health are explored by examining whether future onsets of new chronic conditions using self-reports and biomarkers of disease are related to key SES markers- income, wealth, and education. We will examine whether "innovations" in economic status affect health-especially during the recent financial crisis. Health feedbacks to labor supply, income, and wealth may be quantitatively important. Health outcomes include physical and mental health, including depression, psycho-social health, overall well-being, and life satisfaction. Our third specific aim examines the relationship between alternative measures of SES and subsequent all cause and cause-specific incident mortality in England and the US. Access to financial resources may be essential in dealing with consequences of health problems after they occur. The final specific aim will examine whether differential cancer screening rates can account for significant parts of country differences in cancer rates, especially those to the disfavor of the United States. Screening is known to vary across types of cancer and is believed to be more aggressive for breast, colon, and prostate cancer in the US than the UK and low for respiratory cancer.