CAN SOUTH DAKOTA'S INNOVATIVE 24/7 SOBRIETY PROJECT WORK OUTSIDE SOUTH DAKOTA

描述（由申请人提供）：酒精使用，特别是在刑事司法系统中，给个人和社会带来了巨大的成本。在传统的社区监督模式中，对违法行为的制裁如果真的适用的话，通常只在相当严重的违法行为之后才发生，而且可能要在突发性违法行为发生后的几周或几个月才实施。然而，越来越多的证据表明，惩罚的确定性和灵活性比惩罚的严厉性对非法活动产生更强的威慑力。南达科他州的24/7清醒项目（以下简称24/7）最初将这种对酒后驾车违法行为进行迅速和一定制裁的概念应用于重复酒后驾车违法行为，并最终应用于其他涉及酒精的违法行为。的 该计划要求参与者每天接受两次呼气测醉器测试或佩戴连续酒精监测手镯。那些检测呈阳性或错过测试的人将面临立即但短暂的监禁（通常是一两个晚上）。自2005年以来，已有25,000多名南达科他州人参加了24/7的活动。兰德的NIAAA资助的评估提供的证据表明，该计划减少了12%的重复酒后驾车的县级逮捕，9%的家庭暴力逮捕，以及4%的18-40岁男性的碰撞（Kilmer等人，2013年）。 尽管24/7最近被添加到有资格获得联邦交通安全基金（“MAP-21”）的受损驾驶对策清单中，但仍需要严格的科学证据来确定该计划在南达科他州以外的地区效果如何。这个R21开始于评估其在北达科他州的复制，北达科他州与南达科他州在酒精问题的地理、密度和严重程度方面相似，但在实施后的DUI逮捕和机动车死亡数据中，24/7的有效性受到质疑。 我们的中心假设是，如果该计划成功复制，由酒精滥用引起的公共伤害率，如与酒精有关的交通事故，DUI和与酒精有关的暴力，将显着低于没有该计划，我们发现在南达科他州。我们对数据和利益相关者的前所未有的访问与准实验方法相结合，为研究这一重要问题提供了独特的机会（ND的总检察长已经向兰德提供了数据，并支持我们对其24/7计划的独立评估）。南达科他州的计划在多大程度上可以在另一个州成功复制，这将提供有关该计划是否可以作为国家酒精控制模式的及时信息。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Alcohol use, particularly among those in the criminal justice system, imposes tremendous costs on individuals and society. In traditional community supervision models, sanctions for violations-if applied at all-often occur only after fairly seriou offenses and may not be imposed until weeks or months after the precipitating offense. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that punishment certainty and celerity create a stronger deterrent to illegal activity than punishment severity. South Dakota's 24/7 Sobriety Project (hereafter, 24/7) applied this concept of swift and certain sanctions for alcohol violation initially to repeat drunk driving offenders and eventually to other alcohol-involved offenders. The program requires participants to submit to breathalyzer tests twice per day or to wear continuous alcohol monitoring bracelets. Those testing positive or missing a test face an immediate, but brief, jail term (typically a night or two). More than 25,000 South Dakotans have participated in 24/7 since 2005. RAND's NIAAA-funded evaluation provides evidence that the program reduced county-level arrests for repeat drunk driving by 12%, arrests for domestic violence by 9%, and crashes among males aged 18-40 by 4% (Kilmer et al., 2013). Even though 24/7 was recently added to the list of impaired driving countermeasures eligible for federal traffic safety funds ("MAP-21"), rigorous scientific evidence is still needed to ascertain how well the program works outside of South Dakota. This R21 starts with an evaluation of its replication in a state-North Dakota-that is similar to South Dakota in terms of the geography, density and magnitude of its alcohol problem, but where post- implementation data on DUI arrests and motor vehicle fatalities call into question the effectiveness of 24/7. Our central hypothesis is that, if the program is successfully replicated, rates of public harms arising from alcohol misuse, such as alcohol-related traffic accidents, DUI, and alcohol-related violence, would be significantly lower than without the program as we found in South Dakota. Our unprecedented access to data and stakeholders combined with quasi- experimental methods provide a unique opportunity to examine this important issue (ND's Attorney General has already made data available to RAND and supports our independent evaluation of their 24/7 program). The extent to which South Dakota's program can be successfully replicated in another state will provide timely information about whether this program can serve as a national alcohol control model.