NETWORK BETWEEN THE AMYGDALA AND CORTEX FOR THE AFFECTIVE CONTROL OF VISION

恐惧和焦虑驱动的行为来自于分布式网络中的互动 大脑皮质的功能专门化区域，杏仁核在其中起重要作用 将感官刺激与其情感意义联系起来。为了避免被发现，老鼠被冻在 当隐约可见的视觉刺激模仿接近的物体时的位置。或者，当 被捕食者发现，最好的生存选择可能是在认知的引导下逃跑 空间地图。空间地图是根据累积的地标信号和路径集成信号得出的 在大脑皮层中根据物体特征和光流模式导航 环境。实现这一点的大脑皮层网络涉及来自视觉的输入 “Where”和“What”流向海马旁皮质的纹后区域(POR)66，其 输出通过内侧和外侧内嗅觉皮质流向海马体。我们在以下方面的发现 小鼠表明，POR是唯一一个与大脑中的 杏仁核，表明POR处理关于情绪显著物体的信息，并 指导适当的刺激行动。在对这一概念的直接支持中，我们发现POR 携带形状、物体运动和自运动信号。我们的结果进一步表明，POR 包含2型M受体(M2)阳性和M2阴性的模块 只有M2阴性的斑块接受来自杏仁核的输入。这表明 在V1中填充有运动选择单元33的间隔块优先通过 杏仁核的情感输入。为了检验这一假设，我们建议确定 POR和杏仁核之间的连接网络。此外，我们建议使用单一单元 在清醒的头部固定小鼠的POR中的记录，以及来自 杏仁核，以检查对动态变化的线索和静态的线索的反应是否获得 M2正向模块和M2向负向模块的客体特征存在差异性调制。我们预计 研究发现杏仁核选择性地影响M2阴性患者对物体运动的反应 而不是对形状特征的响应，而不是对M2-积极斑块中表示的形状特征的响应。如果 如果预期得到证实，我们将得出结论，杏仁核选择性地增加了 一致移动的对象元素的显著程度，提高了它们的识别能力并优化了 一只捕食者从藏身之处跳出来的逃生路线。

Fear- and anxiety-driven behaviors result from interactions in a distributed network of functionally specialized areas of the cortex in which the amygdala plays an essential role by connecting sensory stimuli with their emotional meaning. To avoid detection, mice freeze in place when a looming visual stimulus mimics an approaching object. Alternatively, when detected by a predator the best option for survival may be to escape guided by a cognitive spatial map. Spatial maps are derived from landmark- and path integration-signals accumulated in the cortex from object features and optic flow patterns while navigating through the environment. The cortical network by which this is achieved involves inputs from the visual `where' and `what' streams to the postrhinal area (POR)66 of the parahippocampal cortex, whose output flows through the medial and lateral entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus. Our findings in mice show that POR is the only visual area with strong reciprocal connections with the amygdala, suggesting that POR processes information about emotionally salient objects and guides stimulus-appropriate actions. In direct support for this notion, we have found that POR carries shape, object-motion and self-motion signals. Our results further show that POR contains type 2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M2)-positive and M2-negative modules of which only the M2-negative interpatches receive input from the amygdala. This suggests that interpatches, which in V1 are packed with motion selective cells33, are preferentially tuned by affective inputs from the amygdala. To test this hypothesis we propose to determine the connectional network between POR and the amygdala. Further, we propose to use single unit recordings in POR in awake head-fixed mice, and optogenetic manipulations of inputs from the amygdala, to examine whether the gain of responses to dynamically changing cues and static object features in M2-positive and M2-negative modules is differentially modulated. We expect to find that the amygdala selectively influences responses to object-motion in M2-negative interpatches rather than responses to shape-features represented in M2-postivite patches. If the expectations are confirmed, we will conclude that the amygdala selectively increases the saliency of coherently moving object elements, improves their recognition and optimizes the route13 of escape from of a predator pouncing from a hideout.