Emergence of Implicit Bias during Adolescent Development

7.项目摘要/摘要 这项拟议的研究调查了隐性种族偏见是如何形成的，以及如何在种族之间抵消 大多数是青少年。种族占多数的成年人对地位较低的种族群体的隐性偏见使社会 健康(例如，通过低于标准的医疗保健)、财富(例如，通过有偏见的招聘)和幸福(例如，通过 歧视性的社会互动)。发展研究认为青春期是解决问题的关键时期 在成年后形成根深蒂固的种族偏见之前，这种偏见是隐含的。这个项目的更广泛的目标是阐明 大多数青少年内隐种族偏见背后的社会认知过程及其干预设计 来抵消这种偏见。这些目标与NICHD了解社会和认知因素的优先事项一致 与(有偏见的)推理的发展有关。虽然隐性偏见对少数人有负面影响 这种偏见还可能减少种族占多数的青少年的群体间接触和关系，这 对于发展社会认知技能(例如，认知灵活性)至关重要，这些技能有助于在 多元文化社会。这项研究的中心假设是：(1)青少年更多地接触非洲 美国人将拥有更大的社会认知技能来进行个性化(即，将他们视为独特的个体)和 使它们人性化(即，将人类的精神状态归因于人的精神状态)，进而会产生较少的隐性种族偏见，以及(2) 直接教育青少年使非裔美国人个人化和人性化将减少隐性偏见。 本研究的具体目的是：(1)考察同伴和媒体是如何通过 非洲裔美国人个性化和人性化趋势的发展，以及(2)进行 个体化与人性化相结合的干预措施降低青少年内隐偏见的研究 长期的。关于方法，目标1将是一项为期一年的三波相关研究，纵向检查 种族占多数的青少年a)接触非裔美国人，b)个人化和人性化之间的联系 对非裔美国人的歧视，以及c)隐含的种族偏见。目标2将是一项2x2的干预研究(个性化[是， 否]x人性化[是，否])，参与者将阅读非裔美国人的第一人称叙事 并查看相应的照片；干预条件因是否促进而有所不同 个人化(通过训练受试者区分目标非裔美国青少年)和人性化 (例如，通过在叙事中包括情感故事)。这项研究将在3个月后评估隐性偏见 检查长期影响。该项目在理论和方法上都是创新的，预计将是 意义重大，因为它将推动制定经经验验证的战略，以减少社会种族 不平等。随之而来的为期三年的博士后培训计划将主要在 加州大学圣地亚哥分校心理学系。实习生将从以下机构获得指导 在隐性种族偏见研究方面领先的心理学家，在最先进的理论和方法方面的培训 方法，和一个正式的博士后培训计划，以开始她的独立学术生涯。

7. PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT The proposed research investigates how implicit racial bias develops and can be counteracted among racial majority adolescents. Racial majority adults’ implicit bias toward lower-status racial groups perpetuates societal inequalities in health (e.g., via subpar medical care), wealth (e.g., via biased hiring), and well-being (e.g., via discriminatory social interactions). Developmental research identifies adolescence as a critical time to address implicit racial bias before it becomes entrenched in adulthood. The broader goals of this project are to elucidate the social-cognitive processes underlying majority adolescents’ implicit racial bias and to design interventions to counteract this bias. These goals align with NICHD’s priority to understand social and cognitive factors related to the development of (biased) reasoning. While implicit bias has negative consequences for minority groups, such bias may also decrease racial majority adolescents’ intergroup contact and relationships, which are critical for developing social-cognitive skills (e.g., cognitive flexibility) that facilitate adaptive adjustment in a multicultural society. The central hypotheses of this study are: (1) adolescents with more exposure to African Americans will have greater social-cognitive skills to individuate (i.e., perceive them as unique individuals) and humanize them (i.e., attribute human mental states), and in turn will develop less implicit racial bias, and (2) directly teaching adolescents to individuate and humanize African American people will reduce implicit bias. The specific aims are: (1) to examine how peers and media influence adolescents’ implicit racial bias through the development of the tendency to individuate and humanize African American people, and (2) to conduct an intervention integrating individuation and humanization interventions to reduce adolescents’ implicit bias in the long-term. Regarding methods, Aim 1 will be a yearlong, three-wave correlational study examining longitudinal links between racial majority adolescents’ a) exposure to African Americans, b) individuation and humanization of African American people, and c) implicit racial bias. Aim 2 will be a 2x2 intervention study (Individuation [yes, no] x Humanization [yes, no]) in which participants will read first-person narratives from African American adolescents and view corresponding photographs; the intervention conditions will vary in whether they promote individuation (by training subjects to differentiate the target African American adolescents) and humanization (e.g., by including emotional stories in the narratives). The study will assess implicit bias 3 months later to examine long-term effects. This project is theoretically and methodologically innovative and is expected to be significant because it will advance the development of empirically-validated strategies to reduce societal racial inequalities. The accompanying three-year postdoctoral training plan will take place predominantly in the psychology department at the University of California, San Diego. The trainee will be provided mentorship from leading psychologists in implicit racial bias research, training in state-of-the-art theoretical and methodological approaches, and a formal postdoctoral training program to launch her independent academic career.