Drug use among nightclub and dance festival attendees in New York City

电子舞曲(EDM)夜总会和音乐节的参与者有很高的吸毒风险，并与 不利的结果。EDM参与者使用摇头丸(MDMA， 但他们现在使用新的精神活性物质(NPS)的风险也很高，这是一种主要的 与毒品有关的新的公共卫生威胁。NP通常是“传统”非法药物的掺杂物或替代品 例如摇头丸；因此，许多使用者在不知不觉中摄入了这种新的危险物质。摇头丸，为了 例如，经常掺入NPS或用NPS取代，如合成卡西酮(“浴盐”)和PI和 他的同事们在摇头丸中发现了强效药物(如α-PVP、PMMA、甲基苯丙胺) 吸毒者的头发，尽管他们拒绝使用这些药物。因此，摇头丸的使用似乎是一种主要的传递系统。 非故意使用核动力源。在可卡因中也检测到芬太尼和其他危险的阿片类NPS 以及类似于Xanax和Perdicet的药片。在EDM节日上与毒品有关的死亡已经变得很常见，而且 随着EDM聚会的日益流行，关注故意和无意的药物使用是至关重要的 在这个高危人群中，以防止使用、中毒和死亡。我们已经开发并验证了 快速调查(通过PI的K01)以查询EDM场景中数十种常见药物和&gt；100 NPS的使用情况 我们已经验证了头发测试方法，以确定&gt；100 NPS和&gt；15常见药物的使用情况。这样的生物 测试可以帮助我们估计在这些高风险人群中使用NPS和其他药物(如摇头丸)的真实流行率 冒着夜生活的危险。这项研究的目的是系统地检查已知和 未知药物使用、使用风险因素、自我报告的与使用相关的不良后果以及使用趋势 以及超过24个月的不良后果。由于许多人在不知情的情况下使用NPS，因此必须 验证调查答复。这项研究是创新的，因为我们将测试参与者的头发以验证反应和 还要确定非故意使用NPS和其他药物的程度。毛发检测是一种理想的生物检测方法 因为我们能够检测到&gt；100 NPS的存在(包括芬太尼及其15个类似物) 使用后12个月在头发中使用。我们经过验证的快速调查加上头发测试(用于验证)将 请允许我们估计纽约市夜总会和节日场景中吸毒的流行率。利用时空 抽样，我们将在整个纽约市随机选择EDM派对，并调查2080名进入这些派对的人 聚会(两周一次)。探索性纵向分量还将帮助我们确定是否提供 头发测试结果反馈的参与者的子样本影响药物使用和意图 随时间推移使用(调查后6个月)。估计有意和无意的药物使用和不良反应 与使用相关的后果可能使我们能够发现一些危险的药物趋势(例如，使用[掺假] 摇头丸)，然后扩散到普通公众。这些方法将推广到其他高危人群，并 结果将向公众和高危人群传播预防信息。

Electronic dance music (EDM) nightclub and festival attendees are at high risk for drug use and associated adverse outcomes. EDM attendees are at high risk for using “traditional” drugs such as ecstasy (MDMA, “Molly”), but they are also now at high risk for use of new psychoactive substances (NPS), which are a major new drug-related public health threat. NPS are often adulterants in or replacements for “traditional” illicit drugs such as ecstasy; thus, many users unknowingly ingest such new and dangerous substances. Ecstasy, for example, is often adulterated or replaced with NPS such as synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”) and the PI and his colleagues have detected highly potent drugs (e.g., alpha-PVP, PMMA, methamphetamine) in ecstasy users' hair despite them denying use of these drugs. Thus, ecstasy use appears to be a major delivery system of unintentional NPS use. Fentanyl and other dangerous opioid NPS are also now being detected in cocaine and in pills resembling Xanax and Percocet. Drug-related deaths at EDM festivals have become common, and with the popularity of EDM parties increasing, it is essential to focus on intentional and unintentional drug use in this at-risk population in order to prevent use, poisonings, and deaths. We have developed and validated a rapid survey (via the PI's K01) to query use of dozens of common drugs and >100 NPS in the EDM scene and we have validated hair testing methods to determine use of >100 NPS and >15 common drugs. Such biological testing can help us estimate the true prevalence of use of NPS and other drugs (e.g., ecstasy) in these high- risk nightlife scenes. The objective of this study is to systematically examine the prevalence of known and unknown drug use, risk factors for use, self-reported adverse outcomes associated with use, and trends in use and adverse outcomes over 24 months. Since many individuals unknowingly use NPS, it is essential to validate survey responses. This study is innovative as we will test hair of participants to validate responses and also determine the extent of unintentional use of NPS and other drugs. Hair testing is an ideal biological testing method because we are able to detect the presence of >100 NPS (including fentanyl and 15 of its analogues) in hair for >12 months post-use. Our validated rapid survey complemented with hair testing (for validation) will allow us to estimate the prevalence of drug use in the nightclub and festival scenes in NYC. Using time-space sampling, we will randomly select EDM parties throughout NYC, and survey 2,080 individuals entering these parties (biweekly). An exploratory longitudinal component will also help us determine whether providing a subsample of participants with feedback regarding their hair testing results influences drug use and intention to use over time (6 months post-survey). Estimating intentional and unintentional drug use and adverse consequences associated with use may allow us to detect some risky drug trends (e.g., use of [adulterated] ecstasy) before diffusing to the general public. Methods will be generalizable to other at-risk populations and results will inform prevention information to be disseminated to the public and to those at highest risk.