Biological Systems as Mediators of Bidirectional Influences on Anxiety Risk in the Mother-Child Dyad During Infancy

项目摘要/摘要 焦虑是母亲和她们年幼的孩子面临的最普遍和代价最高的问题之一。 焦虑风险病因的理论模型，反映了母亲和母亲之间的双向联系 后代，在很大程度上没有进行直接的经验测试。这在关于以下方面的知识上留下了一个严重的缺口 家庭风险的性质对于全面理解焦虑问题的病因是必要的，一 当今最普遍、最普遍、最昂贵的公共卫生问题之一。两个具体的障碍 焦虑问题的成功预防和治疗包括：(1)缺乏经验验证 解释母亲和孩子之间双向影响的模型，以及(2)缺乏对 焦虑风险双向传递的神经生物学机制 母亲和后代。该项目的结果将有助于建立焦虑风险的科学知识基础。 在婴儿期和蹒跚学步的儿童和母亲中。这个项目采用了独特的纵向多性状， 多方法设计检验三种生物系统作为焦虑风险双向效应的介体 1岁到3岁的孩子是母子二胎。使用负价系统的多个方面 代表儿童和母亲的焦虑风险，以及多重生物唤醒和调节 系统被作为机制来研究。与RDoC框架一致，该项目采用维度 采用目标抽样和一般抽样两种方法。拟议的工作不包括 同时测试母亲对儿童焦虑风险的影响和儿童对母亲焦虑风险的影响 产后焦虑症状(目标1)。母亲和儿童的神经和神经内分泌功能 被测试为焦虑风险可能通过其在二联体内传递的系统(目标2)。儿童和 母亲将通过观察和调查焦虑风险水平(恐惧、担忧、焦虑行为)进行评估。 在三个时间点(1岁、2岁和3岁的儿童)的每个时间点都有焦虑(焦虑症状)。这种型号将允许 对母亲和孩子焦虑风险之间的同步和纵向关联进行分析 考虑到这些系统中的个体稳定性。目标2测试神经生物系统(脑电、事件相关电位)和 神经内分泌(皮质醇)反应性作为母婴焦虑风险之间交易联系的中介。 结果不仅将对长期存在的儿童发展理论进行实证检验，还将为时机选择提供依据 以及旨在预防或改善长期焦虑的未来基于家庭的干预措施的框架 母亲和幼儿的问题，与国家精神卫生研究所的使命一致 绘制精神疾病的轨迹图，并为其预防提供信息。

Project Summary/Abstract Anxiety is one of the most prevalent and costly problems facing mothers and their young children. Theoretical models about the etiology of anxiety risk, reflecting bidirectional associations between mothers and offspring, have gone largely without direct empirical testing. This has left a critical gap in knowledge regarding the nature of familial risk that will be necessary for a full understanding of the etiology of anxiety problems, one of the most prevalent, pervasive, and costly public health concerns in the present day. Two specific barriers to the successful prevention and treatment of anxiety problems include (1) an absence of empirically validated models that elucidate bidirectional influences between mothers and children, and (2) a lack of knolwedge of the neurobiological mechanisms that may serve as mediators for the bidirectional transmission of anxiety risk in mothers and offspring. Results from this project will contribute to the scientific knowledge base of anxiety risk in children and mothers across infancy and toddlerhood. This projects adopts a unique longitudinal multi-trait, multi-method design to test three biological systems as mediators of bidirectional effects of anxiety risk in mother-child dyads between child ages 1 and 3 years. Multiple aspects of negative valence systems are used to represent risk for anxiety in both children and mothers, and multiple biological arousal and regulatory systems are studied as mechanisms. Consistent with an RDoC framework, the project adopts a dimensional approach and utilizes both targeted and general sampling methods. The work proposed uncludes simultaneously testing maternal-based effects on child anxiety risk and child-based effects on maternal postpartum anxiety symptoms (Aim 1). Neural and neuroendocrine function in mothers and children will be tested as systems through which anxiety risk may be transmitted within the dyad (Aim 2). Children and mothers will be assessed via observation and surveys for levels of anxiety risk (fear, worry, anxious behaviors) and anxiety (anxiety symptoms) at each of three time points (child age 1, 2, and 3 years). This model will allow for the analysis of both concurrent and longitudinal associations between mother and child anxiety risk while accounting for individual stability in these systems. Aim 2 tests biological systems of neural (EEG, ERP) and neuroendocrine (cortisol) reactivity as mediators of transactional links between maternal and infant anxiety risk. Results will not only empirically test long-standing theories of child development, but will also inform the timing and framework for future family-based interventions aimed at preventing or ameliorating long-term anxiety problems in both mothers and young children, aligning with the National Institute of Mental Health’s mission to chart trajectories of mental illness and inform their prevention.