High-intensity and Sensation Seeking Associations with Episodic Simulation Efficacy and Brain Response

项目摘要/摘要 我们建议测试高强度的未来图像线索的能力，以增强未来定向、延迟奖励 饮酒早期康复者的喜好、康复自我效能和诱发的脑反应 精神障碍(澳元)。未来定向受损和奖励延迟似乎是一种行为内表型 澳元和其他成瘾。AUD还与增加的感觉寻求(SS)相对应；也就是说，需要 激起性欲的刺激，强度高，情感突出，新奇。使用恢复尝试 在治疗后6个月内失败的情况比成功的情况更多，还有相当大的改进空间 功效。越来越多的证据表明，未来视觉和规划能力受损是AUD的一个特征， 在实验中反映为延迟报酬的更大贬值。通过将注意力集中在令人兴奋的事情上 个性化未来的方方面面，我们将把决策重新定位到延迟的结果和未来的亲社会 奖励。扩展之前关于插曲未来思维的有希望的工作，我们将优化未来线索的力量 通过呈现与个人相关的高强度暗示。我们的初步数据有力地支持了 高强度干预，以改变对未来结果的偏好。此外，党卫军的特质还预示着 对高强度干预的反应和戒酒/戒毒的成功。插曲的未来 思维操纵通常包括对在行为过程中呈现的预期事件的引用 测试--通常在测试前进行感官测试。在这里，我们将明确测试视觉效果 表示高强度未来事件的提示，与调用 平行审判。所有的线索都将用感官元素加以阐述，并在延迟奖励期间呈现。 直接检验它们对时间决策行为的影响。目标1将测试 高强度线索对提高未来奖赏偏好的有效性，SS特质与 恢复自我效能感，以及SS特质与增加未来奖励偏好的能力的相关性。目标 2将通过展示更大的中线和侧线默认模式网络来展示大脑目标参与 在延迟的奖励选择中参与。为了确定在实际的SS选择过程中的大脑激活，我们将 在一个新的行为SS任务中，使用气味刺激实时测试奖赏激活。我们还会另外 评估预期区域和奖励区域之间的功能连接是否与行为SS有关。脑区 激活将提供一个神经信号，可以作为治疗应答者的预测性标记。我们 还将对SS和其他冲动措施的影响进行探索性测试，以缓和 时段性未来思维对时间决策的影响。我们的主要目标是发现强度 是断断续续的未来思维干预的“积极因素”，以及如何利用强度效应 以促进澳门氏症早期恢复的积极结果。这一知识的潜在影响是巨大的， 考虑如何为临床干预提供信息，以获得更好的结果。

PROJECT SUMMARY / ABSTRACT We propose testing the ability of high-intensity future image cues to enhance future orientation, delayed reward preference, recovery self-efficacy, and elicit brain responses in persons in early recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD). Impaired future orientation and delay-of-reward appear to be a behavioral endophenotype for AUD and other addictions. AUD also corresponds with increased sensation seeking (SS); that is, the need for stimuli that elicit arousal and are high in intensity, emotional salience, and novelty. With recovery attempts failing more often than succeeding within 6 months of treatment, there is considerable room for improved efficacy. Converging evidence indicates that impaired future visualization and planning is a hallmark of AUD, reflected experimentally as a greater devaluation of delayed rewards. By focusing attention on the exciting aspects of a personalized future, we will reorient decision-making to delayed outcomes and future prosocial rewards. Extending prior promising work on episodic future thinking, we will optimize the power of future cues by presenting personally relevant high-intensity cues. Our preliminary data strongly supports the power of a high-intensity intervention for shifting preference toward future outcomes. Further, the SS trait predicts responsiveness to high-intensity interventions and success in abstinence from alcohol/drugs. Episodic future thinking manipulations typically comprise references to anticipated events being presented during behavioral testing—often with sensory elaboration preceding the test. Here, we will explicitly test the efficacy of visual cues representing high-intensity future events, compared to control cues invoking low-intensity future events in a parallel trial. All cues will be elaborated with sensory elements, and presented during delay-of-reward decision-making to directly test their effects on temporal decision-making behavior. Aim 1 will test the effectiveness of high-intensity cues for increasing future reward preference, the association of the SS trait with recovery self-efficacy, and correlations of SS trait with the capacity for increased future reward preference. Aim 2 will demonstrate brain target engagement by showing greater midline and lateral default mode network involvement during delayed reward choice. To determine brain activation during an actual SS choice, we will test for reward activation in a novel behavioral SS task using odorant stimuli in real-time. We will additionally assess if functional connectivity between prospective and reward regions relates to behavioral SS. Brain activation will provide a neural signal that could be used as a predictive marker for treatment responders. We will also perform exploratory tests of the effects of SS and other impulsivity measures for moderation of episodic future thinking effects on temporal decision-making. Our major goals are to discover whether intensity is an ‘active ingredient’ for the episodic future thinking intervention, and how intensity effects can be leveraged to enhance positive outcomes in early AUD recovery. The potential impact of this knowledge is large, considering how it could inform interventions in the clinic for better outcomes.