A Mechanical Testing Machine for Characterizing Biofilms on Experimental Tools

项目总结/摘要 生物膜中的细菌比浮游细胞更负责食品污染， 清洁，并负责80%的所有医院获得性感染，约160万感染， 8万人死亡，在美国每年花费168亿至272亿美元。处理表面上的生物膜 需要不断清洁，例如，生物膜能够在生奶后30分钟内恢复活力 被引入牛奶蒸发器。植入式医疗设备上的生物膜感染占医院的一半 获得性感染，主要治疗是取出器械，增加了手术次数， 继发感染生物膜的形成和对抗生素的反应取决于生物膜的几何形状、营养成分， 和液体流动条件之间的关系，并且目前几乎没有关系可用于在一组 条件和其他。该计划旨在创建平台和数学关系， 研究人员，临床医生和制造商的能力，从生物膜的基础研究， 有限的时间尺度和材料的感染和表面。该提案寻求的主要平台 探索是那些可以监测外部压力的影响，如温度，流体剪切，抗生素， 纳米颗粒在生物膜发展的每个阶段，并模拟真实的世界条件。其中一些 最初提出的平台是那些可以使用3D打印机制造的平台和那些可以容易地缩放的平台， 比如旋转圆盘系统。将提出的主要数学关系是无量纲的 这些数字可以用来从一个实验设备转换到另一个实验设备。四维无量纲 已经提出了用于生物膜的数目，并且已经提出了三个用于生物膜中的通信，尽管 它们的用途是多余的。该提案的一部分旨在确定社会微生物学相互作用的作用， 在生物膜持久性中发挥作用。例如，白色念珠菌增加假单胞菌对美罗培南的耐受性 铜绿。利用废弃的副产品作为一种相互作用的手段可能会被优先考虑，就像糖 被念珠菌消耗的蛋白质可能是前面提到的耐受性增加的原因。最后 该提案还试图确定如何使用生物膜替代物来研究外部压力的影响， 比如流体剪切力和温度如何影响抗生素和纳米颗粒以及吸收。虽然临床上 本研究中也没有提出动物试验，将在 研究人员、临床医生、制造商和工程师以及卫生和卫生专业人员，以确保 这项研究的结果可以使用。

Project Summary/Abstract Bacteria in biofilms are more responsible than planktonic cells, for food contamination, infection during cleaning, and are responsible for 80% of all hospital acquired infections, about 1.6 million infections and 80,000 deaths, at an annual cost of $16.8 to $27.2 billion dollars in the US. Treating biofilms on surfaces requires constant cleaning as, for example, biofilms that are able to rejuvenate within 30 minutes after raw milk is introduced to a milk evaporator. Biofilm infections on implanted medical devices make up half of the hospital acquired infections and the primary treat is to remove the device, increasing surgery and increasing risk of secondary infection. Biofilm development and reaction to antibiotics are dependent on the geometry, nutrient, and liquid flow conditions and there are currently few relationships available to translate between one set of conditions and another. This program seeks to create platforms and mathematical relations that will increase the ability of researchers, clinicians and manufacturers, to translate from fundamental studies on biofilms with finite time scales and materials to infections and surfaces. The primary platforms that the proposal seeks to explore are those that can monitor the impact of external stress, like temperature, fluid shear, antibiotics, nanoparticles at each stage of biofilm development and simulate real world conditions. Some of those platforms initially proposed are those that can be made using 3D printers and those that can be easily scaled, like rotating disk systems. The primary mathematical relations that will be proposed are dimensionless numbers that can be used to translate from one experimental apparatus to another. Four dimensionless numbers have been proposed for biofilms and three have been proposed for communication in biofilms, though their use is spare. Part of this proposal seeks to determine what role, if any, sociomicrobiological interactions, play in biofilm persistence. For example, Candida albicans increases meropenem tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The use of waste byproducts as a means of interaction will likely be prioritized, like how sugar consumed by Candida may be responsible for the increased tolerance mentioned previously. Finally, this proposal also seeks to determine how biofilm substitutes can be used to study the impacts of external stress, like how fluid shear stress and temperature affect antibiotic and nanoparticle and uptake. While neither clinical nor animal trials are proposed in this study, a participatory dialogue will be conducted between the researchers, clinicians, manufacturers, and engineers, and sanitation and hygiene professionals to ensure that results from this research can be used.