Phenotypical Expression of Anxiety and Sleep

描述（由申请人提供）：情绪的作用在基础睡眠研究中几乎被忽略了，可能是因为缺乏成熟的模型。在之前的研究中，我们发现，在情绪学习的条件恐惧模型中，电击训练和与电击相关的恐惧线索和情境对睡眠产生了相似的影响，最显著的是相对选择性地抑制了快速眼动睡眠（REM）。虽然在恐惧提示和情境出现后，人们对恐惧条件反射对行为和生理的影响已经有了完善的知识体系，但这些经历是如何影响睡眠的，直到现在才受到关注。填补这一知识空白应该会增加我们对压力和情绪，特别是恐惧和焦虑如何影响睡眠的理解。这样的理解对于深入了解失眠等睡眠障碍和影响睡眠的情绪障碍可能是至关重要的。它也可能与创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）特别相关，PTSD的典型特征是在心理创伤压力源之后出现明显的睡眠障碍。我们的目标是：1)确定定向影响睡眠（或增加或减少）和行为的情境和刺激质量，并确定其时间过程；2)检查可能负责睡眠和行为条件变化的神经生物学系统。为了实现这些目标，我们计划研究不可逃避的、可逃避的和可避免的电击训练/与电击相关的线索和环境对睡眠和行为的影响，并确定恐惧条件反射对睡眠和行为的即时和长期影响。我们还将研究CRH在恐惧调节对睡眠和行为的即时和长期影响中的作用，我们将确定恐惧诱导的杏仁核、海马和口pontis （NPO）区域去甲肾上腺素能/血清素能/ gaba能释放的变化，这些变化可能与恐惧诱导的睡眠改变有关。我们的假设是，压力源（休克）的可控性或不可控性以及每种情况的神经生物学伴随物分别与睡眠和行为的暂时和持续改变有关。其基本原理是，识别能够产生睡眠和行为的即时和长期变化的刺激和情境质量，以及参与这些变化的神经系统，将为理解压力和创伤性事件与睡眠病理的关系提供必要的见解。研究结果将确定恐惧情绪和焦虑情绪对睡眠的影响所涉及的刺激条件，确定与压力事件对睡眠的持续影响有关的因素，并将研究压力情绪对睡眠的影响可能涉及的神经机制。这些研究将有助于我们理解行为压力、情绪和环境因素如何影响睡眠和行为，并将促进我们对恐惧条件反射的即时和持续影响的理解。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): The role of emotion has virtually been ignored in basic sleep research, possibly because of a lack of established models. In the previous award period, we established that both shock training and shock associated fearful cues and contexts in the conditioned fear model of emotional learning produced similar effects on sleep, most prominently a relatively selective suppression of rapid eye movement sleep (REM). While there is a well-developed body of knowledge on the effects of fear conditioning on behavior and physiology seen immediately after the presentation of fearful cues and contexts, how these experiences influence sleep is only now receiving attention. Filling this knowledge gap should increase our understanding of how stress and emotion, particularly fear and anxiety, affect sleep. Such understanding may be critical for insight into sleep disorders such as insomnia and into emotional disorders in which sleep is affected. It also may be especially relevant to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is typically characterized by a prominent sleep disturbance in the aftermath of a psychologically traumatic stressor. Our objectives are: 1) to identify situational and stimulus qualities that directionally impact sleep (either increase or decrease) and behavior and determine their time course of action, and 2) to examine neurobiological systems potentially responsible for conditioned changes in sleep and behavior. To accomplish these objectives, we plan to examine the influence of inescapable, escapable and avoidable shock-training / shock-associated cues and contexts on sleep and behavior, and determine the immediate and longer-term effects of fear conditioning on sleep and behavior. We will also examine the role of CRH in immediate and longer-term effects of fear conditioning on sleep and behavior, and we will determine the fear-induced changes in regional noradrenergic/serotonergic/GABAergic release in amygdala, hippocampus and nucleus pontis oralis (NPO) that may be associated with fear-induced alterations in sleep. Our hypothesis is that stressor (shock) controllability or uncontrollability and the neurobiological concomitants of each type of situation are associated with temporary and persisting alterations in sleep and behavior, respectively. The rationale is that identifying stimulus and situational qualities that can produce immediate and longer-term changes in sleep and behavior, and neural systems involved in these changes, will provide insight essential for understanding how stressful and traumatic events are related to sleep pathology. The results will identify stimulus conditions involved in the influence of fearful emotion and anxiety on sleep, determine factors relating to the persisting influence of stressful events on sleep, and they will examine neural mechanisms potentially involved in the influence of stressful emotional situations on sleep. These studies will contribute to our understanding of how behavioral stress, emotion and environmental factors influence sleep and behavior, and they will advance our understanding of both immediate and persisting effects of fear conditioning.