Temporal Modulation of 'Wanting' and 'Liking'

而不是问“药物管理如何改变感知时间？"，为了更好 了解吸毒成瘾，这个建议解决了相反的问题，问“如何做时间 期望直接影响成瘾的潜在过程？"许多药物成瘾模型 已经确定了导致药物依赖的不同潜在过程，包括放大的 激励动机过程（“想要”，罗宾逊和Berridge，1993）抑制了享乐反应 （“喜欢”，Koob和Le Moal 2001）和习惯性药物寻求（Everitt，Dickinson等人2001）。这些模型 同意药物相关的线索促进药物寻求。虽然已经很好地确定了时间 条件提示与其预测结果之间的关系调节了条件提示的强度和时间 行为，成瘾模型基本上忽略了这些隐含的时间期望的贡献。的 该项目的指导假设是，药物提示和药物摄入之间的时间影响了 成瘾的心理和生理过程的大小和时间。 了解这些与成瘾相关的过程的时间动态可能对 为物质成瘾患者提供的应用治疗方案，例如，通过优化“减少时间表” 治疗时间表对药物渴求的时间波动的影响（Cinciripini，Lapitsky et al. 1995）。 具体来说，我们假设，由条件性药物相关刺激诱导的药物“渴望”将是一种可能性。 在药物给药通常发生的时间最大，而药物“喜欢”在药物给药通常发生的时间最小。 药物管理通常会发生。我们提出了三个目标来研究的时间动态 动机和享乐评价的啮齿动物训练，以期待时间可预测的强化（美国）， 巴甫洛夫条件线索（CS）。在目标1中，我们将研究享乐评价是否 通过使用消极的预期对比范式，该范式提供了对 作为期望函数的享乐适口性的变化。我们假设“喜欢”会减少， 反映未来奖励的预期时间的动态方式。这些结果将支持我们的 时间期望塑造享乐体验假说。在目标2中，我们将研究线索诱导 “想要”使用巴甫洛夫工具转移范式。我们预测，时间特异性 在巴甫洛夫阶段学到的关系将反映在工具响应的强度上， 呈现CS（即，时间转移），从而支持假设，条件动机 可以是时间动态的，而不是静态的。在目标3中，我们研究了时间期望对 当滥用药物是预期结果时的“想要”和“喜欢”（即，尼古丁或乙醇）。另外我们 将同时记录心率和体温，以评估是否代偿对手 生理系统的过程受到药物可用性的预期时间的影响。

Instead of asking “How is perceived time altered by drug administration?”, in order to better understand drug addiction, this proposal addresses the question in reverse, asking “How do temporal expectations directly influence the processes underlying addiction?”. A number of drug addiction models have identified different underlying processes that contribute to drug dependence, including magnified incentive motivation processes (‘wanting’, Robinson and Berridge,1993) dampened hedonic responsiveness ('liking', Koob and Le Moal 2001), and habitual drug seeking (Everitt, Dickinson et al. 2001). These models concur that drug-associated cues promote drug seeking. While it has been well established that the time between a conditioned cue and its predicted outcome moderates the magnitude and timing of conditioned behavior, addiction models essentially ignore the contribution of these implicit temporal expectations. The guiding hypothesis of the proposed project is that the time between drug cues and drug intake influences the magnitude and timing of the psychological and physiological processes that underlie addiction. Understanding the temporal dynamics of these addiction-related processes may be of critical importance to applied treatment options for substance addicted patients, for example, by optimizing “schedule reduction” treatment schedules to the temporal fluctuations in drug craving (Cinciripini, Lapitsky et al. 1995). Specifically, we hypothesize that drug ‘wanting’ induced by conditioned drug-associated stimuli will be maximal at the time that drug administration usually occurs, whereas drug ‘liking’ will be minimal at the time that drug administration usually occurs. We propose three aims to examine the temporal dynamics of motivation and hedonic evaluation in rodents trained to expect temporally predictable reinforcement (US) in response to Pavlovian conditioned cues (CS). In Aim 1, we will investigate whether hedonic evaluation is modulated by time, by using a negative anticipatory contrast paradigm which provides an assessment of changes in hedonic palatability as a function of expectation. We hypothesize that ‘liking’ will be diminished in a dynamic manner that reflects the expected time of a future reward. Such results would support our hypothesis that temporal expectations shape hedonic experience. In Aim 2, we will examine cue-induced ‘wanting’ using the Pavlovian-Instrumental Transfer paradigm. We predict that the temporally specific relations learned during the Pavlovian phase will be reflected in the strength of instrumental responding when the CS is presented (i.e., temporal transfer), thereby supporting the hypothesis that conditioned motivation can be temporally dynamic, rather than static. In Aim 3, we examine the role of temporal expectations on ‘wanting’ and ‘liking’ when an abused drug is the expected outcome (i.e., nicotine or ethanol). In addition, we will concurrently record heart rate and body temperature to evaluate whether compensatory opponent processes of physiological systems are impacted by the expected time of drug availability.