Multilevel Moderators of Drugs, Violence, Poverty and HIV Among Black Youth and Young Adults Living in Baltimore

项目摘要 黑人不成比例地居住在以犯罪、贫困、毒品和暴力为特征的城市社区。 他们更有可能经历长期失业、被监禁、无家可归和 与白人相比，他们可以获得的财政资源更少。他们也更有可能报告严重的 心理上的痛苦。黑人感染艾滋病毒的可能性高出八倍，占艾滋病毒的44% 2010年美国的感染人数。本申请是为竞标续期而提出的申请 非裔美国人社区大麻使用聚集性研究(DA032550)。使用来自队列的数据 对于居住在巴尔的摩的黑人青年，我们调查了社区环境对大麻使用的影响 在青春期。我们的数据表明，尽管面临挑战和逆境，但大多数人 美国青年从未相遇，许多黑人青年没有表现出与之相关的危险行为 在贫困的城市社区长大。然而，很少有研究关注于 了解黑人青年成功地适应这些挑战的过程 邻里关系。我们的目标是通过对这一群体进行一系列新的分析来填补这一空白，以确定 多个生态层面的因素，缓和了生活在贫困城市社区的影响 生命过程中的危险行为轨迹。在我们之前的奖项中，我们关注的是青春期。有了这个 更新奖，我们将把我们的工作扩展到新兴的成年人；这段时期经常以风险增加为标志- 与社会角色的转变一样，也可以改变轨迹。我们将扩大我们的调查范围，包括 其他物质以及经常与吸毒同时发生的暴力和性危险行为的轨迹。 这项研究项目的具体目标是：1)确定个人和联合吸毒的轨迹， 从青春期到成年初期的暴力和性危险行为并估计 根据这些轨迹生活在贫困的城市社区，2)确定存在于多重生态环境中的因素 青春期水平，缓和生活在贫困的城市社区对风险的影响 行为轨迹，3)评估危险行为轨迹对年轻人社会经济的影响， 心理健康、毒品、犯罪和性风险后果，以及4)评估社会角色转变对风险的影响 行为轨迹和年轻人的结果。这是为数不多的跟踪低收入城市人群的研究之一。 黑人从童年到成年。它有可能让公共卫生干预者 以及政策制定者如何为黑人青年和生活在贫困社区的年轻人提供 有必要的机会、支持和服务，以促进在毒品问题上的积极发展 吸毒无处不在，暴力事件不断增加，集中贫困在美国市中心继续增长。

Project Summary Blacks disproportionately reside in urban neighborhoods characterized by crime, poverty, drugs and violence. They are more likely to experience prolonged unemployment, be incarcerated, become homeless and have fewer financial resources available to them compared to Whites. They are also more likely to report serious psychological distress. Blacks are eight times more likely to be infected with HIV, accounting for 44% of HIV infections in the United States in 2010. This application is for a competitive renewal of the Progression and Clustering of Marijuana Use in African-American Neighborhoods study (DA032550). Using data from a cohort of Black youth living in Baltimore, we examined the influence of neighborhood environment on marijuana use during adolescence. Our data suggest that despite facing challenges and adversity that the majority of American youth never encounter, many Black youth do not exhibit the risk behaviors shown to be associated with growing up in distressed, urban neighborhoods. There is scant research, however, focused on understanding the process by which Black youth successfully adapt to the challenges faced in these neighborhoods. We aim to fill this gap by conducting a series of new analyses from this cohort to identify factors at multiple ecological levels that moderate the effects of living in a distressed urban neighborhood on risk behavior trajectories during the life course. In our prior award, we focused on adolescence. With this renewal award, we will extend our work to emerging adulthood; a period frequently marked by increased risk- taking and as well as social role transitions than can redirect a trajectory. We will expand our inquiry to include other substances as well as trajectories of violent and sexual risk behavior that often co-occur with drug use. The Specific Aims of this research project are to 1) identify individual and joint trajectories of drug use, violence and sexual risk behaviors from adolescence to emerging adulthood and estimate the influence of living in a distressed urban neighborhood on these trajectories, 2) identify factors present at multiple ecological levels during adolescence that moderate the effects of living in a distressed urban neighborhood on risk behavior trajectories, 3) estimate the influence of risk behavior trajectories on young adult socioeconomic, mental health, drug, crime and sexual risk outcomes, and 4) assess the impact of social role transitions on risk behavior trajectories and young adult outcomes. This is one of the few studies that follow low-income, urban Blacks from childhood to emerging adulthood. It has the potential to inform both public health interventionists and policy-makers of ways Black youth and young adults living in distressed neighborhoods can be provided with the opportunities, supports and services necessary to promote positive development at a time when drug use is pervasive, violence is on the rise and concentrated poverty continues to grow in America's inner cities.