Emotion Regulation in Depression and the Aging Brain

情绪处理技能(EPS)，包括1)对情绪的注意(例如，对积极的注意偏向于 负面情绪)，2)对情绪的基本感知；以及3)人们用来调节自己情绪的策略 感情。我们小组和其他人的研究表明，这三种结构发生在不同的阶段 情绪处理的能力。每股收益受人口统计变量的影响，包括年龄和性别，以及 神经精神疾病，包括严重的抑郁症。当人们健康地变老时，他们表现出 对积极刺激的感知和注意力普遍改善，对积极刺激的感知和注意力较差 负性刺激，以及不同模式的情绪调节(ER)技能。除年龄外，EPS还受到抑制 按性别。例如，在对年轻人和成年人群的研究中，女性往往表现出更强的 相对于男性的面部情绪感知技能，但更多地参与潜在的适应不良ER 在压力时期(即，沉思)可能导致抑郁症性别差异的策略 流行率。中后期和老年(即55岁及以上)EPS的性别差异模式为 不太清楚，也不清楚EPS在异常老化过程中是如何恶化的，例如在 抑郁症。我们的初步工作证明了抑郁症对EPS和额叶边缘回路的负面影响 为这次调查奠定了基础。鉴于已知的抑郁症与年龄的相互作用对认知老化的影响，它是 当务之急是，我们必须了解性行为和EPS如何与老年人的抑郁症有关，而不是 假设我们从年轻人那里了解到的每股收益适用于中期后期和 年纪大了。该提案将主要侧重于每股收益的ER方面，因为它与 情绪障碍及其在某些模型中作为抑郁症的主要特征的特征。同时 时间，我们将全面衡量每股收益，如方法部分所述。这项建议将：a) 中老年后期(55-79岁)性行为是ER的调节因素；b)说明ER是如何发生的 由不正常的情感老化(例如，抑郁)缓和，以及c)将执行功能(EF)作为 ER的部分中介，因为EF随着年龄和抑郁症而下降，并且已知对 成功的情感调节。作为一个探索性的目标，我们将模型性和疾病之间的相互作用。我们会 使用自我报告、行为和神经成像工具，多模式研究这些结构，符合 研究领域标准。为了实现样本在年龄范围内的均匀分布 抽样后，该设计根据年龄(在5年内)、抑郁状态(即从未抑郁、轻度、 中度抑郁严重程度)和性别，总共180个人的样本，从各个方面都有有用的数据 这项研究的结果。这项研究将阐明性别和抑郁对精神病理学中心过程的影响 老年，导致制定了一种干预措施，以优化老年人的ER，这解释了 性别、疾病严重程度和慢性化的影响，以及EF和ER之间的重要关系。 好了！

Emotion processing skills (EPS), include 1) attention to emotions (e.g., attention bias to positive versus negative emotions), 2) basic perception of emotions; and 3) strategies that people use to regulate their emotions. Studies from our group and others have shown that these three constructs occur at different stages of emotion processing. EPS are impacted by demographic variables, including age and sex, as well as neuropsychiatric illnesses, including Major Depression. As people age in good health, they demonstrate generally improved perception for and attention to positive stimuli, poorer perception for and attention to negative stimuli, and different patterns of emotion regulation (ER) skills. In addition to age, EPS are moderated by sex. For example, in studies of young adult and adult populations, females tend to demonstrate stronger facial emotion perception skills relative to males, yet more frequently engage in potentially maladaptive ER strategies during times of stress (i.e., rumination) that may contribute to sex differences in depression prevalence. Patterns of sex differences in EPS during late-middle and older age (i.e., 55 years and older) are less clear, and it remains unknown how EPS worsen during abnormal aging processes, such as in the case of depression. Our initial work demonstrating the negative impact of depression on EPS and fronto-limbic circuitry lays the foundation for this investigation. Given known depression-by-age interactions on cognitive aging, it is imperative that we understand how sex and EPS are involved in depression among older people, as opposed to assuming that what we know about EPS from younger individuals is applicable to those in late-middle and older age. This proposal will focus primarily on the ER aspect of EPS, given its more proximal relationship to mood disorders and its characterization as the primary feature of depression in some models. At the same time, we will comprehensively measure EPS, as described in the Approach section. This proposal will: a) characterize sex as a moderator of ER during late middle and older age (55-79); b) illustrate how ER is moderated by abnormal affective aging (e.g., depression), and c) measure executive functioning (EF) as a partial mediator of ER, given that EF declines with age and depression, and is known to be critical to successful affective regulation. As an exploratory aim, we will model interactions of sex and disease. We will study these constructs multi-modally, using self-report, behavioral, and neuroimaging tools, in line with the Research Domain Criteria. In order to achieve a sample that is evenly distributed across the age range sampled, the design is stratified for age (in 5-year epochs), depression status (i.e., never depressed, mild, moderate depression severity) and sex, for a total sample of 180 individuals with usable data from all aspects of the study. This study will clarify the effect of sex and depression on processes central to psychopathology in older age, leading to the development of an intervention for optimizing ER in older adults that accounts for the impact of sex and disease severity and chronicity, as well as important relationships between EF and ER.! !