Multiple pathway models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

描述（由申请人提供）：注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）的多通路模型项目摘要/摘要该基金的目标是研究注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）儿童和对照组与ADHD儿童在执行功能和奖励处理过程中的大脑差异。我们将研究药物治疗对8至9奥尔兹患有ADHD综合症的男孩的影响，因为研究表明，药物治疗、年龄相关、性别和亚型对ADHD的行为表现和大脑激活有影响。反应抑制作为衡量一个去不去的任务将被用来索引执行功能，因为这个认知过程可能是最常见的缺陷多动症儿童。执行功能任务将在即时和延迟强化条件下进行，因为研究表明ADHD儿童可能具有不同的延迟强化梯度。这项资助的中心目标是确定ADHD儿童的潜在大脑异常是否以二分或连续行为分布为特征。如果大脑异常的特征是二分的行为分布（即缺陷与无缺陷），我们预计ADHD儿童的一个子集的大脑异常将限于执行功能回路（包括腹外侧前额叶皮层和背侧纹状体），而ADHD儿童的一个子集的大脑异常将限于奖励处理回路（包括眶额皮层和腹侧纹状体）。我们进一步预计，ADHD儿童的一个子集将在两个领域都有行为缺陷，他们可能在两个回路中都有特别明显的大脑异常。虽然有限的行为研究ADHD的组合类型表明，大约相同数量的儿童属于这些神经心理学定义的类别，这是可能的，有一个更连续的行为分布的执行功能和奖励处理能力。为了检验这个假设，我们将使用多元回归直接比较二分模型和连续模型。如果二分行为模型不能解释大脑异常，但连续模型可以解释，那么我们可以得出结论，潜在的缺陷具有连续分布的特征。如果两个模型都解释了方差，但连续模型解释的方差明显大于二分模型，那么我们可以得出结论，潜在赤字既有连续的成分，也有二分的成分。我们还将使用动态因果模型（DCM）进行探索性分析，以检查这些回路中感兴趣区域之间的有效连接模式。公共卫生相关性：相关性没有研究已经检查了ADHD亚型的神经相关性，这些亚型是根据他们的行为在神经心理学上定义的，因此这项研究的结果将对ADHD儿童亚型的客观诊断产生影响。这项拨款将可能导致进一步的研究，检查医疗干预对ADHD亚型执行功能和奖励处理的神经相关性的影响。

DESCRIPTION (provided by applicant): Multiple pathway models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) Project Summary/Abstract The goal of this grant is to examine brain differences during executive functioning and reward processing among children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and between control and ADHD children. We will examine medication naove 8- to 9-year- olds boys with the combined type of ADHD, because research has shown medication, age-related, sex and subtype effects in ADHD in terms of behavioral performance and brain activation. Response inhibition as measured by a go no-go task will be used to index executive functioning because this cognitive process may be the most common deficit in ADHD children. The executive functioning task will be given under immediate and delayed reinforcement conditions because studies have suggested that ADHD children may have a different delay-of-reinforcement gradient. The central goal of this grant is to determine if the underlying brain abnormalities in ADHD children are characterized by a dichotomous or continuous behavioral distribution. If brain abnormalities are characterized by a dichotomous behavioral distribution (i.e. deficit versus no deficit), we expect that a subset ADHD children will have brain abnormalities restricted to the executive functioning circuit (including ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal striatum) and a subset of ADHD children will have brain abnormalities restricted to the reward processing circuit (including orbito-frontal cortex and ventral striatum). We further expect that a subset of ADHD children will have a behavioral deficit in both domains and they may have especially pronounced brain abnormalities in both circuits. Although limited behavioral research on the ADHD combined type suggests that approximately equal numbers of children fall into these neuropsychologically-defined categories, it is possible that there is a more continuous behavioral distribution of executive functioning and reward processing ability. In order to test this hypothesis, we will directly compare a dichotomous to a continuous model using multiple regression. If the dichotomous behavioral model does not explain brain abnormalities, but the continuous model does, then we can conclude that the underlying deficit is characterized by a continuous distribution. If both models explain variance, but the continuous model explains significantly more variance than the dichotomous model, then we can conclude that the underlying deficit has both a continuous and dichotomous component. We will also perform exploratory analyses using Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM) to examine patterns of effective connectivity between regions of interest in these circuits. PUBLIC HEALTH RELEVANCE: Relevance No studies have examined the neural correlates of ADHD subtypes that have been neuropsychologically-defined based on their behavior, so the results of this grant will have implications for the objective diagnosis of subtypes of ADHD children. This grant will potentially lead to further studies that examine the effect of medical intervention on the neural correlates of executive functioning and reward processing in ADHD subtypes.