Cognitive Mechanisms of Language Processing

摘要--项目4 听力损失的一个主要问题是可变性。具有相似配置文件的听力受损(HI)听众通常会显示 不同的结果。相关研究表明，信号质量(可听度、频率分离)与 结果。然而，设备体验、认知和大脑功能等因素也同样重要。它是 不清楚这些适应、认知资源或大脑区域是如何改善知觉的。这个项目解决了 这是通过利用认知科学中描述声音如何被映射到 意思是，专注于时间的问题。由于言语是随着时间的推移而展开的，所以有一些模棱两可的时期 该输入法与许多单词兼容。例如，在黄油开始时，信号可能与Bump匹配，但 还有巴克。正常听力(NH)听者通过立即激活多个单词来管理这种歧义，这些单词 随着时间的推移进行动态竞争。对于HI听众来说，这种自然的模棱两可可能更有问题，也更容易管理 不同的。我们用眼球跟踪范式来评估单词识别的动态，它追踪了这一过程 竞争在几百毫秒内展开。先前的工作建议人工耳蜗(CI)用户调整 这些动态与NH监听者不同；这些差异与结果相关，可能会有所帮助 应对糟糕的投入。这个项目问为什么这些竞争过程在HI听众中有所不同。是这样的吗？ 差异是由降级输入造成的典型语言处理的糟糕版本吗？或者它们是一种 应对不确定性的补偿性适应？以某种方式回答这个问题，这意味着 在现实世界中，目标1超越了孤立的单词，开始检查句子，其中语义等因素限制了句子的使用 这场比赛。Aim 2使用纵向研究将竞争差异与周围听觉联系起来 功能(项目2)、听力努力(项目1)和皮质加工(项目3)；目标3补充了这一点 进行了适应的实验室研究。Aim 4考察了HI听众如何融合来自不同类型的 例如，来自辅助声学听力和CI的输入。所有目标都利用多种类型的自然变化 HI听众(标准CI、声学+电子CI配置和助听器)，以调查差异 在外围输入中，语言加工机制受到影响。

ABSTRACT – PROJECT 4 A major issue in hearing loss is variability. Hearing impaired (HI) listeners with similar profiles often show different outcomes. Correlational studies show that signal quality (audibility, frequency separation) is related to outcomes. However, equally important are factors like device experience, cognition and brain function. It is unclear how these adaptations, cognitive resources, or brain areas improve perception. This project tackles this by leveraging mechanisms and measures from cognitive science that describe how sound is mapped to meaning, focusing on the issue of time. Since speech unfolds over time, there are ambiguous periods when the input is compatible with many words. For example, at the onset of butter, the signal could match bump, but and buck. Normal hearing (NH) listeners manage this ambiguity by immediately activating multiple words which compete dynamically over time. For HI listeners, this natural ambiguity may be more problematic and managed differently. We assess the dynamics of word recognition with an eye-tracking paradigm that traces how this competition unfolds over several hundred milliseconds. Prior work suggests cochlear implant (CI) users tune these dynamics differently than NH listeners; these differences are correlated with outcomes and may help cope with poor input. This project asks why these competition processes differ in HI listeners. Are such differences a poor version of typical language processing imposed by degraded input? Or are they a compensatory adaptation for coping with uncertainty? To answer this question in a way that translates to the real-world, Aim 1 moves beyond isolated words to examine sentences, where factors like semantics constrain this competition. Aim 2 uses a longitudinal study to link differences in competition to peripheral auditory function (Project 2), listening effort (Project 1) and cortical processing (Project 3); and Aim 3 complements this with laboratory studies of adaption. Aim 4 examines how HI listeners fuse information from different types of input, for example, from aided acoustic hearing and a CI. All aims leverage natural variation in multiple types of HI listeners (standard CIs, acoustic+electric CI configurations, and hearing aids) to investigate how differences in the peripheral input impact the mechanisms of language processing.