Impact of Environmental Modifications on Vector Ecology and Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria

计划2 项目摘要 环境改变对病媒生态的影响 恶性疟原虫和间日疟原虫疟疾 撒哈拉以南非洲的大多数人口面临着持续的饥荒威胁。方法 解决饥荒问题需要解决造成粮食短缺的根本条件 地方病建造水坝和灌溉农业农场得到了广泛的认可 作为促进粮食安全和减轻贫困的关键解决方案。大量的水坝， 在过去的十年里，非洲开发了微型水坝和灌溉农场， 正在建设或规划中。这些水资源开发项目是 预计将导致疟疾病媒生态的重大变化。如何改变 但病媒生态改变传播动态的情况尚不清楚。新的干预措施， 有效遏制疟疾传播，同时增加农业生产， 迫切需要生产力。该项目的主要目标是审查 水资源开发项目对环境的影响 肯尼亚和埃塞俄比亚的病媒生态和疟疾传播。中央 假设疟疾传播动态受到以下因素的强烈影响： 水资源开发项目对环境的影响。这些水 资源开发项目创造了更稳定和多产的繁殖地， 中断传输。因此，季节性、空间分布、媒介群落 结构和载体的能力都被改变了。我们提出了四个具体目标：1）评估 水资源开发项目造成的环境变化对 病媒生物学和疟疾传播动力学，2）确定 对载体群体遗传学和载体能力的环境修饰，3） 评估最近作为公共卫生一部分采用的下一代蚊帐的影响， 项目，研究不同地区的疟疾发病率和病媒对杀虫剂的抗药性 环境条件下，和4）模型的成本效益的新的综合载体 管理方法适用于环境变化较大的地区。的 该项目将大大提高我们对环境影响的理解 对疟疾病媒生态学和潜在的生态学和遗传学的修改 改变传输的机制。通过新的成本效益模型 综合病媒干预方法，该项目将提供重要信息， 可以指导未来的田间试验设计，并为决策者提供新的疟疾控制信息， 接近。疟疾户外传播、拟除虫菊酯抗性和环境 修改是目前非常关注和迫切的问题，需要 在全球范围内解决。因此，我们的研究结果可能对以下方面产生深远而广泛的影响： 疟疾预防和控制。

PROJECT 2 PROJECT SUMMARY Impact of Environmental Modifications on Vector Ecology and Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax Malaria Most of the population in sub-Saharan Africa faces the constant threat of famine. Approaches to the famine problem need to address the underlying conditions that make food shortages endemic. Construction of dams and irrigated agricultural farms has been widely recognized as a key solution to promoting food security and alleviating poverty. A large number of dams, microdams and irrigated farms have been developed in Africa in the past decade, and many are under construction or being planned. These water resource development projects are anticipated to cause major changes in the ecology of malaria vectors. How changes to the vector ecology alter transmission dynamics is however not clear. New interventions that can effectively suppress malaria transmission while simultaneously increasing agricultural productivity are urgently needed. The central objective of this project is to examine the impact of environmental modifications from water resource development projects on vector ecology and malaria transmission in Kenya and Ethiopia. The central hypothesis is that malaria transmission dynamics is strongly influenced by environmental modifications from water resource development projects. These water resource development projects create more stable and productive breeding sites and disrupt transmission. As a result, seasonality, spatial distribution, vector community structure, and vector competence get altered. We propose four specific aims: 1) assess the impact of environmental modifications from water resource development projects on vector bionomics and malaria transmission dynamics, 2) determine the effects of environmental modifications on vector population genetics and vector competence, 3) evaluate the impact of next-generation nets recently introduced as a part of the public health program, on malaria incidence and vector insecticide resistance under different environmental conditions, and 4) model the cost-effectiveness of novel integrated vector management approaches suitable to areas with extensive environmental modifications. The project will significantly enhance our understanding of the impact of environmental modifications on malaria vector ecology and the underlying ecological and genetic mechanisms for altered transmission. Through modeling of cost-effectiveness of new integrated vector intervention approaches, this project will provide important information that can guide future field trial design and inform policy makers of new malaria control approaches. Malaria outdoor transmission, pyrethroid resistance, and environmental modifications are presently of great concern and urgent issues that need to be addressed globally. Thus, our results can have far reaching and broad implications on malaria prevention and control.