Lean engineering in aerospace

参与复杂航空航天产品设计和开发的工程组织需要改变文化，以确保它们响应客户对价格和质量的期望，并保持长期生存能力。在工程产品开发(PD)改进的众多方法中，“精益工程”尤其令人感兴趣。本项目的目标是将精益原则应用于PD流程的设计阶段。有三项总体研究任务，其具体目标是开发：a)设计工作包的正确大小的模型；b)衡量PD绩效的模型；c)目标成本计算和生命周期成本计算的工具。项目a)中的研究将对PD过程的价值流进行建模，并调查任务大小如何影响工作流、吞吐量和在制品。精益原则将通过在PD流程的不同阶段选择适当的任务大小来改善流程和减少周期时间。目标是节省PD固有的进行中的智力工作的25%。项目b)将根据指导努力和资源所需的生产力、效率和效力来模拟PD的业绩，并评估预期的改进是否已经实现。PD绩效取决于多个标准，包括工程工作规模、工作类型、风险级别和范围、交货期和返工。项目c)将开发一套工具和技术，以实现更好的设计并降低成本。将应用精益原则使成本计算与项目和过程目标相匹配。工具将能够查看生命周期成本的设计影响，包括：设计要求、实施、支持和产品生命周期期间的持续升级。将开发一种闭环方法，对产品功能和目标成本进行建模，然后处理差异，以便使设计实施与成本目标保持一致。研究结果将对学术界和工业界都有价值，有助于更好地管理、理解和实施协作工作的精益原则，并将加速航空航天行业采用精益实践。

Engineering organizations participating in the design and development of complex aerospace products require a shift in culture to ensure that they respond to customer expectations for affordability and quality and to maintain long-term viability. Among the many approaches to engineering product development (PD) improvement, 'lean engineering' is of particular interest. The goal of this project is to apply lean principles to the design phase of the PD process. There are three overall research tasks whose specific objectives are to develop: a) models for correct sizing of design work packages; b) a model measuring PD performance; and c) tools for target costing and life-cycle costing. The research in project a) will model the value stream of the PD process and investigate how task size impacts work flow, throughput, and work in progress. Lean principles will be applied to improve flow and reduce cycle time by choosing appropriate task size at the different stages in the PD process. The goal is to achieve savings of 25% of the intellectual work in progress inherent in PD. Project b) will model the performance of PD in terms of the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness required to direct efforts and resources, and to assess whether the anticipated improvements have materialized. PD performance is dependent on multiple criteria, including engineering job size, job type, risk level and scope, lead time, and rework. Project c) will develop a set of tools and techniques that will allow better design to cost. Lean principles will be applied to match costing with project and process objectives. Tools will be able to look at the design implications of life cycle costs, which include: design requirements, implementation, support, and continuous upgrades during product life. A closed-loop methodology will be developed that will model product function and target costs, and then address variances in order to bring design implementation in alignment with cost targets. Results from the research will be valuable to both the academic and industrial communities for the better management, understanding and implementation of lean principles for collaborative work and will accelerate the adoption of lean practices in the aerospace industry.