Effect of experience on representation and control across the lifespan

终其一生，我们的经历有助于塑造我们的认知能力。在儿童时期，环境的丰富程度影响着发展；在成年期，拥有特定技能的丰富经验促进了“专业知识”；在老年人中，持续参与刺激活动有助于“认知储备”。在所有这些情况下，认知表现都通过这些经历得到增强或修改。然而，对于这些经历是如何产生影响的，以及这种影响在整个认知系统中有多广泛，人们知之甚少。目前的建议是通过研究两种已被证明影响认知系统的常见经验来检验这些问题。这些经历是双语，即个人在一生中经常使用两种语言，以及音乐训练，即个人进行深入的学习和音乐表演练习。与以往的研究不同，以往的研究都是在一个时间点上对这些经历的影响进行离散研究，而现在的建议是将这项研究整合到一个连贯的框架中，以便在生命中的三个关键时刻——童年、青年期和老年期——对它们的影响进行比较和对比。有三个主要目标。首先，从受影响的功能范围和这些影响最明显的年龄方面，对双语和音乐训练如何影响认知能力进行详细的调查。第二种是在认知功能模型中解释这些模式，该模型基于对专业知识系统表征过程和注意力控制过程的区分。第三种方法是利用这些分析来提出一种机制（或一组机制），通过这种机制，经验可以产生这些影响。研究结果对认知系统的理论概念和发展以及教育、补救和康复的实践方法具有启示意义。

Throughout life, our experiences help shape our cognitive abilities. In childhood, the degree of environmental richness influences development; in adulthood, intense experience with specific skills promotes "expertise"; and in older age, ongoing participation in stimulating activities contributes to "cognitive reserve". In all these cases, cognitive performance is enhanced or modified through these experiences. However, little is known about how these experiences have their effect and how broad the impact is across the cognitive system. The present proposal is to examine these questions by studying two common experiences that have been shown to influence cognitive systems. These experiences are bilingualism, in which individuals routinely use two languages throughout their lives, and musical training, in which individuals engage in intensive study and practice of musical performance. Unlike previous research that has examined the effect of these experiences in discrete studies at a single point in time, the present proposal is to integrate this research into a coherent framework in order to compare and contrast their effects at three crucial points in the lifespan - childhood, young adulthood, and older age. There are three main objectives. The first is to conduct detailed investigations of how each of bilingualism and musical training affect cognitive ability in terms of the range of functions affected and the ages at which these effects are most apparent. The second is to interpret these patterns in a model of cognitive functioning that is based on a distinction between processes involved in representation of specialized knowledge systems and processes involved in control of attention. The third is to use these analyses to propose a mechanism (or set of mechanisms) through which experience has these effects. The results have implications for theoretical notions of cognitive systems and development and practical approaches of education, remediation, and rehabilitation.