Underwater camera system for frazil ice studies

在北方河流的冰封期，当河水冷却到略低于零度时，河流湍急的部分就会形成冰。这些冰粒首先被水流悬浮起来，在整个水流深度形成类似“暴风雪”的冰粒。然而，它们在过冷的水中具有很强的粘性，并会聚集在一起形成巴西泥球，最终漂浮到水面上，形成冰盘。悬浮巴西也很容易附着在自然和人造表面上，这可能会产生严重的问题。它可以迅速积聚，收缩或堵塞运河和河流，造成洪水或干扰航运和航行，还可以堵塞处理厂和工业设施的取水结构。在水力发电站，水的入口可能会被巴西完全堵塞，导致发电机关闭很长一段时间。更好地了解巴西的运输和沉积将有利于各种工业，也可能导致更好的战略来减轻问题。在我们完全了解巴西的发展、运输和沉积之前，我们需要能够测量这些过程，并将它们与控制因素（水流水力学和天气条件）联系起来。

During the freeze-up period on northern rivers, frazil ice forms in the turbulent portions of the river flow, when the water cools to slightly below zero. These frazil particles are first carried in suspension by the flow, creating something like a 'snowstorm' of ice particles throughout the flow depth. However, they are very adhesive in supercooled water, and will cluster together forming balls of frazil slush that eventually float up to the water surface, forming ice pans. Suspended frazil also readily adheres to natural and man-made surfaces, and this can create significant problems. It can quickly accumulate to constrict or block canals and rivers, causing flooding or interfering with shipping and navigation, and it can clog water intake structures at treatment plants and industrial facilities. At hydroelectric generating stations, water intakes can become completely blocked with frazil, shutting down the power generators for extended periods of time. An improved understanding of frazil transport and deposition would benefit a variety of industries and could also lead to better strategies for mitigating problems. Before we can fully understand frazil development, transport, and deposition, we need to be able to measure these processes and link them to the controlling factors (streamflow hydraulics and weather conditions).