Ranging and diet in E Bornean orangutans

该项目包括在我们于2010年在印度尼西亚加里曼丹库泰国家公园开设的一个新的野外地点对E婆罗洲猩猩的射程和饮食进行长期(5年)的研究。婆罗洲猩猩现在被认为是一个不同的亚种，Pongo Pigmaeus morio。Morio对于科学来说很重要，因为它们在最糟糕的猩猩栖息地生存，具有非凡的韧性和其他独特的特征，使它们能够做到这一点，对于作为濒危物种脆弱种群的保护也很重要。我选择在加里曼丹研究莫里奥，是因为人们对它们的理解已经过时，部分原因是它们的栖息地发生了重大变化，而研究Range是因为它提供了对它们的行为和栖息地使用的很好概述(例如，它们去了哪里，走了多远，在那里发现了什么和做了什么)。目的是重新评估黑猩猩的变化特征和对它们的两个主要影响：摄食生态学，因为它的特点是在极端食物丰富和饥荒之间的不规则波动之上的重大变化，以及智力，因为它可能使应对这种多变的食物供应所需的灵活性，但对野生猩猩的研究很少。研究涉及跟踪莫里奥旅行和被认为指导它的因素(例如，何时/何地有食物可用，旅行线索)，以确定距离模式以及与食物和智力的联系。我们第一年的数据已经表明，它们的活动范围比想象的要远，它们知道在哪里，也许什么时候可以找到好的资源；不同寻常的是，它们经常吃陆地上的草药，经常在地面上旅行和觅食。科学上的暗示是，莫里奥的测距比其他婆罗洲猩猩更灵活，更像其他婆罗洲猩猩的思维，并以类似于其他灵长类动物的方式依赖于空间和时间的知识。这些短尾猿在陆地旅行和觅食方面也与非洲类人猿相似，这表明亚洲和非洲的类人猿都可以选择在非常贫瘠的森林中生存。对于保护，这些发现对于澄清该地区现在需要的栖息地的大小和质量，以及它们的范围和面对栖息地变化的饮食灵活性是有价值的。更长期的研究旨在验证和扩展这些早期的发现，并涵盖更极端的食物波动、更大的栖息地区域、使用微妙的旅行线索(例如，时间、社交)和旅行效率。

This program involves long-term (5 year) study of ranging and diet in E Bornean orangutans at a new field site we opened in 2010, in Kutai National Park, E Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). E Bornean orangutans are now considered a distinct subspecies, Pongo pygmaeus morio. Morio are important to science for surviving in the worst orangutan habitat and the exceptional resilience and other unique traits that enable them to do so, and to conservation as a fragile population of an endangered species. I chose to study morio in E Kalimantan because understanding is outdated, partly due to major changes to their habitat, and to study ranging because it offers a good overview of their behavior and habitat use (e.g. where and how far they go, what they find and do there). Aims are to re-assess morio ranging traits and two main influences on them: feeding ecology, because it is characterized by major change on top of irregular swings between extreme food abundance and famine, and intelligence, because it may enable the flexibility needed to cope with such changeable food supplies but is little studied in wild orangutans. Study involves tracking of morio travel and factors thought to guide it (e.g., when/where food is available, travel cues), to identify ranging patterns and links to food and intelligence. Our first year's data already show these morio range farther than thought and know where and perhaps when to find good resources; unusually, they often eat terrestrial herbs and often travel and forage on the ground. Scientific implications are that morio ranging is more flexible and more like that of other Bornean orangutans than thought, and relies on knowledge of space and time in ways similar to other primates. These morio also resemble African apes in their terrestrial travel and feeding, suggesting an option open to Asian as well as African great apes for surviving in very poor forests. For conservation, findings are valuable in clarifying the size and quality of habitat that morio now need in this region, and their ranging and dietary flexibility in the face of habitat change. Longer-term study aims to verify and extend these early findings, and to cover more extreme food swings, larger areas of habitat, use of subtle travel cues (e.g., time, social), and travel efficiencies.