Quantum transport, spintronics, and strongly correlated states in Dirac materials

寻找新材料并了解它们的电子和传输性质，这决定了它们的应用潜力，是现代科学和技术的中心任务之一。在过去十年中，物理学和材料科学领域最具影响力的突破之一是发现了石墨烯，这是一种碳单分子层。石墨烯的晶格结构使得这种材料中的电子有效地表现为无质量的狄拉克粒子，这导致了质的新的量子效应，包括量子输运机制和磁输运现象。人们很快意识到，石墨烯不同寻常的电子性质、机械坚固性和二维性质，使其成为一种具有吸引力的某些应用材料。石墨烯的发现引发了人们对狄拉克类弥散的二维和三维材料的浓厚兴趣，导致了一类全新的材料-狄拉克材料的出现。这一类包括双层和多层石墨烯，三维拓扑绝缘体，以及最近的Weyl半金属，它可以被视为石墨烯的3D推广，以及其他。

Finding new materials and understanding their electronic and transport properties, which determine their potential for applications, is one of the central tasks of modern science and technology. One of the most influential breakthroughs in physics and material science in the past decade has been the discovery of graphene, a monolayer of carbon. The lattice structure of graphene is such that the electrons in this material effectively behave as massless Dirac-like particles, which leads to qualitatively new quantum effects, including quantum transport regimes and magneto-transport phenomena. It was quickly realized that the unusual electronic properties of graphene, its mechanical robustness and two-dimensional nature, make it an attractive material for certain applications. The discovery of graphene triggered an intense interest in two- and three-dimensional materials with Dirac-like dispersion, which led to the emergence of a whole class of novel materials - Dirac materials. This class includes bilayer and multi-layer graphene, three-dimensional topological insulators, and more recently, Weyl semimetals, which can be viewed as 3D generalization of graphene, and others.