Relative contributions of pharmacological, psychological and sensory-motor processes to the positive and negative reinforcing properties of tobacco smoking

吸烟的积极（如激励动机）和消极（如戒断缓解）强化特性往往归因于一个单一因素：尼古丁。然而，令人惊讶的是，几乎没有明确的证据表明，在缺乏其他药理学（如非尼古丁烟草成分的精神活性作用）和非药理学因素（如预期效应；烟草使用的感觉-运动方面）的情况下，尼古丁本身具有消极或积极的强化特性。在最近的一系列研究中，我的研究小组发现，吸烟的许多负面强化特性似乎可归因于非尼古丁烟草成分和/或吸烟的感觉-运动方面，而烟草的许多积极强化特性似乎至少部分归因于心理因素，如期望。在拟议的研究计划中，我的目标是继续研究尼古丁和其他各种药理学，感觉-运动和心理吸烟因素的积极和消极强化作用。预计这项工作将有助于1)确定吸烟的积极和消极强化效应所涉及的单独和共同的机制，2)描述尼古丁，非尼古丁烟草成分，吸烟的感觉-运动方面和心理因素对这些过程的相对贡献。

Both the positive (e.g. incentive motivation) and negative (e.g. withdrawal relief) reinforcing properties of tobacco smoking are often attributed to a single factor: nicotine. However, there is surprisingly little unequivocal evidence that nicotine per se has either negative or positive reinforcing properties in the absence of other pharmacological (e.g. psychoactive effects of non-nicotine tobacco ingredients) and non-pharmacological factors (e.g. expectancy effects; sensory-motor aspects of tobacco use). In a recent series of studies, my research group has found that many of the negative reinforcing properties of smoking appear to be attributable to non-nicotine tobacco constituents and/or the sensory-motor aspects of smoking, while many of tobacco's positive reinforcing properties appear to be attributable at least in part to psychological factors such as expectancy. In the proposed program of research, I aim to continue to examine the positive and negative reinforcing effects of nicotine and various other pharmacological, sensory-motor and psychological smoking factors. It is expected that this work will 1) help identify the separate and common mechanisms involved in the positive and negative reinforcing effects of smoking and 2) delineate the relative contributions of nicotine, non-nicotine tobacco constituents, sensory-motor aspects of smoking, and psychological factors to each of these processes.