Impact of catalyst and feed properties on the fouling and deactivation of naphtha hydrotreater catalysts

加拿大油砂目前的日产量约为100万桶油当量，预计到2020年将达到每日300万桶。油砂由沥青、沙和水组成。沥青在升级为合成原油之前，会从沙子和水中分离出来。焦化改质沥青产生的液体产品必须在氢气存在的催化剂上处理，以去除S、氮和其他污染物。该液体产品的石脑油馏分的沸点为&lt；177℃，还含有大量的烯烃和二烯烃，这些烯烃和二烯烃在S脱氮前通过低温(&lt；250℃)催化加氢稳定下来。尽管二烯烃活性很高，但它很难饱和，而且可能会发生聚合反应，导致催化剂上的碳沉积。这会导致反应堆内压降迅速增加，最终导致装置提前关闭。

About 1 million barrels per day (bpd) of oil equivalent is currently produced from Canada's oilsands and this is expected to reach 3 million bpd by 2020. Oilsands consist of bitumen, sand and water. The bitumen is separated from the sand and water before being upgraded to a synthetic crude oil. Upgrading the bitumen by coking yields liquid products that must be treated over a catalyst in the presence of hydrogen to remove S, N and other contaminants. The naphtha fraction of the liquid product, with boiling point < 177C, also contains significant quantities of olefins and diolefins that are stabilized by a low temperature (< 250C) catalytic hydrogenation before S and N removal. Although highly reactive, diolefins can be difficult to saturate and may undergo a polymerization reaction that results in carbon deposition on the catalyst. This leads to a rapid build-up of pressure drop in the reactor that ultimately results in early shut-down of the unit.