Mechanistic insights into meiotic DNA double-strand break formation by Spo11: impact on genetic recombination and aneuploidy

减数分裂在酵母中产生单倍体配子或孢子。在减数分裂前期，同源染色体突触并进行重组。在这个阶段，来自每个亲本的染色体以比营养细胞高100-1000倍的频率重组，导致具有不同遗传特征的配子。减数分裂重组的结果是基因重排、遗传多样性和适当的染色体分离。这一点特别重要，因为未能解决同源物之间的交叉会导致染色体分离缺陷，如不分离(染色体不分离)和非整倍体(定义为染色体数目错误的细胞)。 酵母中的减数分裂重组是由Spo11(S.pombe中的Rec12)产生的双链断裂启动的，Spo11是一种II型拓扑异构酶。Mre11、Rad50和Nbs1蛋白(MRN)参与了Spo11的去除和DSB的加工，形成重组的3‘-单链尾巴DNA。然后，切除的DSB被用来入侵同源的双链DNA，这一过程需要RAD51、DMC1、HOP2和MND1基因来导致遗传信息的交换。这种入侵导致了Holliday连接的形成，该连接被迁移和解析，以完成遗传信息和遗传多样性的交换。 到目前为止，人类减数分裂重组的生物化学和遗传学研究一直受到缺乏人类卵巢或睾丸的限制，也缺乏可作为减数分裂重组模型的减数分裂人类细胞系。为了解决这个问题，我们的目标是使用分裂酵母来研究减数分裂重组，因为减数分裂过程通过真核生物很好地保守。尽管遗传学研究已经确定了Spo11的要求，但人们对其生化功能知之甚少。其中一个原因是，提纯这种蛋白质是出了名的困难。我们承担了将Spo11提纯到同质性的极其困难的任务。我们用一种新的方法纯化了S.pombe Spo11，发现该蛋白具有诱导超螺旋DNA中DNA双链断裂的活性。对于这次更新，我们将在这些突破性进展的基础上，从功能上剖析Spo11同源基因是如何产生DNA双链断裂以及如何从DNA双链断裂中移除的。我们的目标是：(1)纯化Spo11，并在体外广泛研究其切割和去除DNA的机制。我们将确定在减数分裂过程中其活性所必需的辅助因子和(2)Spo11中的突变或交互作用将被用来监测这些蛋白在染色体分离和减数分裂中的作用。这项研究将丰富我们对减数分裂重组的认识，并朝着理解重组与染色体分离之间的关系迈出一步。这些研究的结果对于理解导致出生缺陷的减数分裂缺陷以及21三体是非常重要的。

Meiosis generates haploid gametes or spores in yeast. In meiotic prophase, homologous chromosomes synapse and undergo recombination. At this stage, chromosomes from each parent recombine at frequencies that are 100-1000 fold higher than in vegetative cells leading to gametes with different genetic signatures. The consequences of meiotic recombination are gene rearrangements, genetic diversity and proper chromosome segregation. This is of particular importance as failure to resolve chiasmata between homologs results in chromosome segregation defects such as non-disjunction (non-separation of chromosomes) and aneuploidy (defined as a cell having a wrong number of chromosomes). Meiotic recombination in yeast is initiated by the creation of double- strand breaks by Spo11 (Rec12 in S. pombe), a type II topoisomerase. The Mre11, Rad50 and Nbs1 proteins (MRN) are involved in the removal of Spo11 and processing of DSBs to form recombinogenic 3’-single-stranded tailed DNA. The resected DSBs are then used to invade homologous duplex DNA, a process that requires the RAD51, DMC1, HOP2 and MND1 genes leading to the exchange of genetic information. This invasion leads to the formation of Holliday junction, which is migrated and resolved to complete the exchange of genetic information and genetic diversity. So far, biochemical and genetic studies of human meiotic recombination has been hampered by the unavailability of human ovaries or testis and also the absence of a meiotic human cell line that can be used as a model for meiotic recombination. To tackle this problem we aim to use fission yeast to study meiotic recombination since the process of meiosis is well conserved through eukaryotes. Although genetic studies have established the requirement for Spo11, only little is known on its biochemical function. One reason, is that it is notoriously difficult to purify this protein. We undertook the extremely difficult task of purifying Spo11 to homogeneity. Using a new protocol, we purified S. pombe Spo11 and the protein was found to be active to induce DNA double-strand breaks in supercoiled DNA. For this renewal, we will build on these groundbreaking advances and functionally dissect how Spo11 orthologs creates and are removed from DNA double-strand breaks. Our objectives are: (1) to purify Spo11 and characterize extensively its mechanism of DNA cleavage and removal in vitro. We will identify cofactors necessary for its activity during meiosis and (2) Mutants in Spo11 or interactors will be used to monitor the effect of these proteins in chromosome segregation and meiosis in S. pombe. The proposed research will enrich our knowledge on meiotic recombination and make a step towards the understanding of the relationship between recombination and chromosome segregation. The outcome of these studies will be very important to understand meiotic defects leading to birth defects as well as trisomy 21.