Role of the ERK/MAPK pathway in intestine development and homeostasis

器官的形成依赖于多种细胞过程，包括由细胞间接触或分泌配体介导的旁分泌信号。如何解释信号指令最终控制细胞命运和形态发生是生物学中的一个核心问题。丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）信号通路通过跨膜受体参与信号转导。ERK/MAPK通路是紧密控制细胞增殖、分化和存活的主要通路。它介导了许多生长因子的影响，这些因子与几种生物体中细胞命运的决定有关。在哺乳动物中，细胞外信号调节激酶ERK1和ERK2被双特异性（丝氨酸/苏氨酸和酪氨酸）激酶MEK1和MEK2激活。在发育过程中，MEK1和MEK2在信号转导中发挥着重要而独特的作用。的损失

Organ formation relies on multiple cellular processes that imply paracrine signaling mediated by cell-cell contacts or secreted ligands. How signal instructions are interpreted to ultimately control cell fate and morphogenesis is a central question in biology. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are involved in signal transduction through transmembrane receptors. The ERK/MAPK pathway constitutes the major pathway involved in the tight control of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival. It transduces the effects of many growth factors implicated in cell fate determination in several organisms. In mammals, the extracellular-signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are activated by the dual-specificity (serine/threonine and tyrosine) kinases MEK1 and MEK2. MEK1 and MEK2 played crucial and unique role in signal transduction during development. The loss of