Cognitive processing components associated with remembering the past: Investigating belief in occurrence, mental simulation, and event accuracy

现有的许多关于记忆事件的研究都考察了那些被强烈相信并清晰回忆起来的记忆报告。因此，对自传式记忆的研究倾向于研究那些被认为发生过的、被认为能准确回忆起来的生动的事件表征。当更广泛的事件表征被提示时，很明显，多种不同的元认知评价有助于记忆的体验。在先前文献的基础上，我的实验室最近进行的工作表明，相信一件事真实发生；生动地回忆一件事；相信回忆的细节是准确的在经验上是不同的，因此反映了不同的潜在过程。我的研究表明，这些构念可以独立测量，而且对发生的信念和回忆可以分别被操纵。这些观察结果与人类记忆的组成过程方法是一致的。在组成过程方法中，记忆本质上是重构的。记忆是多个基本处理组件协调的结果，这些组件相互作用以产生事件表示。表征的质量受到元认知过程的监控和控制，元认知过程反映在对发生、回忆和准确性评价的信念中。近年来，关于“相信发生”和“回忆”之间的区别的知识有所扩展。对事件发生的信念、对事件准确性的信念和对事件表征中单个项目的信心之间的关系，我们所知较少。我的研究计划的这一阶段的广泛目标是加强对事件内（个人细节的准确性）与事件间（事件的发生和来源）监测过程的理解。这将通过以下方式实现：1)开发改进的测量与记忆相关的组件的量表，以增强组件及其相互作用的建模；2)开展实验研究，检验提供记忆事件的非验证性反馈对事件发生、准确性和源监测判断的影响；3)进行实验研究，区分对整个事件的发生、整个事件的准确性和对事件中个体细节的信心的元认知评价；以及，4)利用功能近红外光谱（fNIRS）探索与相信发生与相信准确性相关的额叶活动。

Much of the existing research on remembering events examines memory reports that are strongly believed and clearly recollected. Hence the study of autobiographical memory has tended to be the study of vivid event representations that are believed to have occurred and are believed to be recalled accurately. When a wider variety of event representations are cued, it becomes evident that multiple distinct metacognitive appraisals contribute to the experience of remembering. Building on preceding literature, recent work conducted in my lab has shown that belief that an event genuinely occurred; vividly recollecting an event; and believing that the details recalled are accurate are empirically distinct and therefore reflect different underlying processes. My research has demonstrated that these constructs can be measured independently, and that belief in occurrence and recollection can be manipulated separately. Such observations are consistent with a components process approach to human memory. In a components process approach, remembering is posited to be reconstructive in nature. Remembering is the result of the coordination of multiple basic processing components that interact to produce event representations. The quality of representations are monitored and controlled by metacognitive processes that are reflected in belief in occurrence, recollection, and belief in accuracy appraisals. Knowledge about the distinction between belief in occurrence and recollection has expanded in recent years. Less is known about the relationships between belief in the occurrence of events, belief in the accuracy of events, and confidence in individual items within event representations. The broad goal of this phase of my research program is to enhance understanding of within-event (accuracy of individuals details) versus between-event (occurrence and source of events) monitoring processes. This will be accomplished by: 1) Developing improved scales for measuring components associated with remembering to enhance modelling of component and their interactions; 2) Conducting experimental studies to examine how providing disconfirmatory feedback about remembered events impacts occurrence, accuracy, and source monitoring judgments; 3) Conduct experimental studies to distinguish metacognitive appraisals for the occurrence of entire events, the accuracy of entire events, and confidence in individual details within events; and, 4) Explore frontal lobe activity associated with belief in occurrence vs. belief in accuracy using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS).