Impact of early developmental experience on cocaine-stress interactions in adulthood: An exploration of behavioural, physiological, and neural mechanisms

早期发展经验的影响可能是普遍和持久的，并可能影响与处理情绪，压力和奖励相关信息有关的基本神经和动机系统。由于这些系统以动态和复杂的方式相互作用和适应，因此了解它们的急性激活如何受到过去经验的影响是很重要的。从这个角度来看，有趣的是，母亲在怀孕前暴露于精神兴奋剂的影响可以传递给下一代，导致对影响的敏感性增强（例如，兴奋剂和焦虑样）的药物，如可卡因在成年后代。同样，在出生后早期暴露于压力（即，婴儿期）是大脑奖赏和压力相关系统发育的关键时期，可导致情绪以及对精神兴奋剂的行为和神经反应的长期变化。

The effects of early developmental experience can be pervasive and long lasting, and can impact on fundamental neural and motivational systems relating to the processing of emotional-, stress-, and reward-relevant information. Because these systems interact and adapt in a dynamic and complex way, it is important to understand how their acute activation is influenced by past experience. From this perspective, it is of interest that the effects of maternal exposure to psychostimulants before pregnancy can be transmitted to the next generation, resulting in enhanced sensitivity to the effects (e.g., stimulant and anxiety-like) of drugs like cocaine in adult offspring . Likewise, exposure to stress during the early postnatal period (i.e., infancy), a critical time for development of reward- and stress-related systems of the brain, can lead to long-term changes in emotionality, and in behavioural and neural responses to psychostimulants.