Multiple stressors in watersheds

流域暴露于各种污染物，以及可相互作用对鱼类和其他生物造成不利影响的自然和人为应激源。污染物通常还以复杂混合物的形式进入流域，其组成和性质不同，对其环境命运、生物利用度和毒性(生态毒理学)有很大影响。我们目前对这些相互作用缺乏了解，在评估各种人类活动的环境风险时，特别是在考虑跨流域的多个应激源时，造成了相当大的不确定性。目前的研究计划正致力于更好地了解流域中的污染物影响和相互作用，并开发在自然变异性背景下考虑多个应激源的预测性累积影响框架。我们过去的研究表明，城市污水中含有多种化学物质，可能会改变鱼类的生理、新陈代谢和内分泌功能。在大河分水岭，野生彩虹飞镖(

Watersheds are exposed to a variety of contaminants, as well as both natural and anthropogenic stressors that can interact to cause adverse effects in fish and other organisms. Contaminants also normally enter watersheds as complex mixtures, with differing composition and properties that greatly influence their environmental fate, bioavailability and toxicity (ecotoxicology). Our current lack of understanding of these interactions creates considerable uncertainty when assessing environmental risk of various human activities, especially when multiple stressors are considered across watersheds. The current research program is working toward a better understanding of contaminant effects and interactions in watersheds, and the development of predictive cumulative effects frameworks that consider multiple stressors in the context of natural variability. In our past studies it has been shown that municipal wastewaters contain a large variety of chemicals that have the potential to alter physiology, metabolism and endocrine function in fish. In the Grand River watershed, wild rainbow darter (