Impact of Climate Change on Hurricane Hazards and the Resilience and Sustainability of Infrastructures

加拿大的许多地区过去都经历过飓风，将来也会再次经历。1954年，飓风黑兹尔在多伦多造成81人死亡，1962年，台风弗里达在不列颠哥伦比亚省西南部造成6人死亡。2003年袭击加拿大城市的最具破坏性的飓风之一是胡安。系统以二级飓风强度袭击了新斯科舍省和爱德华王子岛，造成重大破坏，尤其是在哈利法克斯的市中心。风暴造成8人死亡，损失超过2亿美元。这是该地区自1873年以来最强大的飓风。飓风桑迪的不同寻常之处不仅在于它的规模。造成风暴强度的一个因素是东海岸异常温暖的海面温度，这可能与全球变暖有关。飓风桑迪的4米风暴潮可能是一个例子，到本世纪中叶，这将成为“东海岸的新常态”。DG的长期目标是确定影响东海岸沿着飓风和热带风暴灾害的基本机制和因素，以改善各种基础设施（例如近海和沿海设施）的设计和恢复能力。预计东海岸的石油勘探将大幅增加，并有望成为加拿大未来重要的主要经济区。短期目标（未来5年）的目标是：1：开发一个模型，该模型可以代表加拿大东海岸沿着沿海和近海地点的特定灾害，以了解风暴的复发和严重程度; 2：预测与这些风暴有关的风、海流、波浪和风暴潮的影响; 3：估计气候变化对风暴和水位的影响; 4：为模型中的传播不确定性制定程序，并获得陆上和海上设施的风险估计。首先，将制定飓风危害模型，用于现场特定危害，就像目前为建筑规范所做的那样。这些模型将基于非齐次泊松过程的轨道位置和频率和空间依赖的概率分布函数的强度。然后将对这些模型进行修改，以考虑到已知会影响飓风强度和轨迹的气象和海洋学特征。将分析这些特征的历史和预测特征，以纳入气候变化的潜在影响。将使用联合概率方法和支持向量机开发飓风影响（波浪、海流和浪涌）的替代模型，以便分析几种情况，并在预测灾害和风险的模型中传播不确定性。DG提案将直接支持2个博士，3个工程硕士论文和4个本科生在一个多学科团队和工程师和科学家的高需求和对我们社区的未来非常重要的领域。

Many parts of Canada have experienced hurricanes in the past and will again. Hurricane Hazel caused 81 fatalities in Toronto in 1954 and Typhoon Freda claimed six lives in southwest British Columbia in 1962. One of the most destructive hurricanes to hit a Canadian city was Juan in 2003. It struck Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island as a Category 2 hurricane, causing major damage, especially within the urban core of Halifax. The storm killed 8 people and caused more than $200 million in damage. It was the region’s most powerful hurricane since 1873. Hurricane Sandy was also unusual in more ways than its size. One factor contributing to the storm strength was abnormally warm sea surface temperatures off the east coast, which is probably linked to global warming. “Hurricane Sandy’s 4m storm surge may be an example of what will, by midcentury, be the “new norm on the Eastern Seaboard.” The long-term objective of the DG is to identify the underlying mechanisms and define the factors that affect hurricane and extra-tropical storm hazards along the East Coast to improve design and resilience for a wide range of infrastructure (e.g. offshore and coastal facilities). Oil exploration is predicted to increase significantly on the East Coast and is poised to become an important future major economic zone for Canada. The short-term objectives (next 5 years) are to: 1: develop a model that can represent site specific hazards for coastal and offshore locations along the East Coast of Canada for the recurrence and severity of storms; 2: predict effects associated with these storms in terms of wind, current, wave and storm surge, 3: estimate the impacts of climate change relative to impacts on storms and water level, and 4: develop procedures for the propagation uncertainty in the models and obtain estimates of risks for onshore and offshore facilities. First hurricane hazard models will be formulated for site specific hazards as is currently done for the building codes. These models will be based on non-homogenous Poisson processes for track location and frequency and spatially dependent probability distribution functions for intensity. The models will then be modified to account for meteorological and oceanographic features known to affect the intensity and trajectories of hurricanes. These historical and predicted characteristics of these features will be analyzed to incorporate potential effects of climate change. Surrogate models for hurricane effects (wave, currents and surge) will be developed using Joint Probability Methods and Support Vector Machines to allow the analysis of several scenarios as well to propagate uncertainty in the models for the prediction of hazards and risks. The DG proposal will directly support 2 PhD, 3 MEng thesis and 4 undergraduate students in an area of high demand and of great importance for the future of our community within a multidisciplinary team and engineers and scientists.