3D Ultrasound Imaging and Spatial Pressure Measurement System to Investigate Spinal Curve Response Imposed by a Simulated Brace

目前，脊柱对物理载荷的三维力学响应无法监测，脊柱支撑过程的发展缓慢。本研究旨在研究、推进和整合监测技术（传感器和执行器），特别是实时3D超声图像处理技术、3D无线空间嵌入式压力控制传感器网络和低成本高速3D形状采集过程，以研究模拟脊柱支架施加的生物力学载荷如何影响脊柱内部对齐。将完成四项任务：1)研究实时显示的3D超声诊断技术，2)开发原型并验证具有已知几何形状的物理脊柱幻影的3D超声测量，3)开发并验证空间压力监测系统，以记录施加于身体幻影的压力垫的负载，位置和方向，以及4)开发高速自动过程，使用低成本相机系统捕获3D身体形状。***实时三维超声图像将通过低成本的便携式超声仪和探头内嵌入的位置传感器进行重建和显示，并通过开发的图像处理算法进行增强。超声三维数据将通过应用滤波器、边缘增强和分割来重建图像。幻影研究将验证3D图像的开发。***将设计一个定制的测试框架，可容纳多个压力垫，允许6度运动。无线压力控制传感器网络将被开发并嵌入到压力垫中，以跟踪空间和压力信息。已知负载的实验将确定嵌入式压力传感器的精度。***为了开发一种低成本、高速的三维人体图像采集系统，提出了Microsoft Kinect v2传感器。将开发算法来实现高速捕获，以最小化身体运动伪影。将进行实验以验证三维重建的准确性。将开发软件将Kinect的3d点云数据转换为标准的STL文件格式，供工业雕刻机使用。***本研究的结果将是一套能够在不电离辐射的情况下实时成像脊柱内部对齐的工具。3D压力跟踪系统可以提供加载和方向信息，并进一步推进其他可穿戴计算机应用。高速3D形状图像捕获过程可以自动生成可用于其他工业制造应用的表面文件。最终目标是重要的，因为这种新技术可以提供实时工具来了解脊柱对外力的生物力学响应，并自动化，加快脊柱支架的设计过程。

Currently, the 3D mechanical response of the spine to physical loadings cannot be monitored and the development of the spinal brace process is slow. This research aims to investigate, advance and integrate monitoring technologies (sensors and actuators), specifically real-time 3D ultrasound image processing techniques, a 3D wireless spatial embedded pressure control sensor network, and a low cost high speed 3D shape acquisition process to investigate how the biomechanical loadings applied from a simulated spinal brace affects the internal spinal alignment. Four tasks will be completed: 1) investigate 3D ultrasound diagnostic technologies for real-time display, 2) develop prototypes and validate 3D ultrasound measurements on a physical spinal phantom with known geometry, 3) develop and validate a spatial pressure monitoring system to record loads, positions and directions of pressure pads applied to a body phantom, and 4) development of a high speed automatic process to capture the 3D body shape using a low cost camera system. ***Real-time 3D ultrasound images will be reconstructed and displayed with a low cost portable ultrasound machine and embedded position sensor within its probe, enhanced with developed image processing algorithms. Ultrasound 3D data will be processed by applying filters, edge enhancement and segmentation to reconstruct the image. Phantom studies will validate the 3D image development.***A customized testing frame accommodating multiple pressure pads which allow 6-degrees of motion will be designed. A wireless pressure control sensor network will be developed and embedded into the pressure pads to track spatial and pressure information. Experiments with known loads will determine accuracy of the embedded pressure sensor.***To develop a low cost high speed 3D body image acquisition system, the Microsoft Kinect v2 sensors for Windows are proposed. Algorithms will be developed to attain high speed capture to minimize body motion artifact. Experiments will be performed to validate the accuracy of the 3D reconstruction. Software will be developed to convert the 3D-point cloud data from the Kinect to a standard STL file format that can be used by industrial carving machines. ***Results of this research will be a suite of tools which can image the internal spinal alignment without ionizing radiation in real-time. The 3D pressure tracker system can provide loading and directional information and be further advanced for other wearable computer applications. The high speed 3D shape image capture process can generate surface files automatically that may be used for other industrial manufacturing applications. The ultimate goal is significant because this novel technology bundle can provide real-time tools to understand the biomechanical response of the spine to external forces and with automation, speed up the spinal brace design process.