Reaction kinetics and particle agglomeration studies in support of heavy oil and bio-oil upgrading

常规原油储量的减少导致非常规资源的产量增加，例如加拿大油砂的沥青和生物质转化为的燃料。在加拿大，估计有1680亿桶可利用现有技术从油砂中开采出来，而世界各地不断增加的生物燃料研究反映了由于温室气体排放、能源多样化的优势以及传统化石燃料储量下降而引起的环境问题。与传统燃料相比，生物质转化过程产生的生物油具有以下劣质特性：含氧量更高、热值更低、粘度更大、化学不稳定性。沥青和生物油都需要升级工艺，以生产类似于从传统原油中获得的有价值的燃料和化学品。*向重油和渣油改质的转变使我们有必要推进对沸腾床反应器中颗粒团聚的理解。众所周知，颗粒间液体桥联发生在流体焦化装置中，也可能发生在加氢加氢装置中，这两个反应器目前都用于重油和渣油的改质。颗粒团聚减少了传热和传质，增加了反应器的污垢，并可能导致脱流。通过仔细选择连续和分散的液体相，将研究相关的相物性(例如液体粘度、颗粒大小、分散液体浓度、颗粒润湿性)对浆态鼓泡塔结构中的团聚严重程度和整体流体动力学的影响。这些实验研究将为升级反应堆中的结块形成提供预测能力和缓解策略。*一个平行和互补的目标是研究通过热解产生的生物油的加氢脱氧动力学。以前的生物油升级途径是在高温(300至500℃)、高氢压(5至20兆帕)下进行的，通常是在催化剂存在的情况下进行的，因此与加氢处理有相似之处。固定床升级系统已被初步研究，通常报告的问题是催化剂中毒、结焦和反应器堵塞。将对流态化配置进行评估，以解决由于混合特性的改善和半连续添加/移除催化剂的可能性而引起的这些问题。将使用独特的流态化和感应加热微反应器来研究反应动力学，以确定最佳反应条件(即温度、氢气压力、催化剂尺寸和组成)。在流态化结构中生物油加氢脱氧的有希望的动力学数据可能导致创新的升级反应器的放大，这是未来生物炼油厂生产生物燃料的必要工艺步骤。

Diminishing conventional crude oil reserves have led to increased production from unconventional resources, such as bitumen from the Canadian oil sands and fuels converted from biomass. In Canada, an estimated 168 billion barrels are recoverable from the oil sands using available technologies, while increasing biofuel research throughout the world reflects environmental concerns due to greenhouse gas emissions, advantages of energy diversification, and declining conventional fossil fuel reserves. Bio-oils produced from biomass conversion processes have the following inferior properties compared to conventional fuels: higher oxygen content, reduced heating value, greater viscosity, and chemical instability. Both bitumen and bio-oils require upgrading processes to produce valuable fuels and chemicals similar to those obtained from conventional crude oils. ***The shift to heavy oil and residue upgrading makes it pertinent to advance the understanding of particle agglomeration in fluidized bed reactors. Interparticle liquid bridging is known to occur in Fluid Cokers and potentially in hydroprocessors, where both reactors are currently used for heavy oil and residue upgrading. Particle agglomeration reduces heat and mass transfer, augments reactor fouling, and can lead to defluidization. By carefully selecting the continuous and dispersed liquid phases, the impacts of relevant phase physical properties (e.g., liquid viscosities, particle size, dispersed liquid concentration, particle wettability) on agglomeration severity and the overall fluid dynamics in a slurry bubble column configurations will be investigated. These experimental studies will provide predictive capabilities and mitigation strategies for agglomerate formation in upgrading reactors. ***A parallel and complementary objective is to study the hydrodeoxygenation kinetics of bio-oils produced via pyrolysis. The previous bio-oil upgrading pathway occurs at elevated temperatures (300 to 500°C), high hydrogen pressures (5 to 20 MPa), and typically in the presence of a catalyst, consequently sharing similarities with hydroprocessing. Fixed bed upgrading systems have been primarily studied, where commonly reported issues are catalyst poisoning, coke formation, and reactor plugging. A fluidized configuration will be evaluated to address these concerns due to the improved mixing characteristics and the potential for semi-continuous catalyst addition/removal. Reaction kinetics will be investigated using a unique fluidized and induction heated microreactor to identify the optimal reaction conditions (i.e., temperature, hydrogen pressure, catalyst size and composition). Promising kinetic data for bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation in a fluidized configuration could lead to the scale-up of an innovative upgrading reactor, a necessary processing step for biofuel production in future biorefineries.**