Humanitarian Logistics

近年来，人为和自然灾害对人类和经济的影响一直在增加。气候变化、不断增长的人口、政治冲突和与交通相关的事故等，正在将越来越多的人置于危险之中。灾害的危险性以及参与救灾行动和人道主义发展项目的组织网络错综复杂，给供应链管理带来了许多挑战。网络设计和运输问题是人道主义后勤领域面临的一些最重要问题的核心。这些问题的特点是许多不确定的来源，几个利益攸关方的目标相互冲突，以及与商业环境中遇到的不同的具体情况的附带限制。这一研究计划的目的是将这些方面嵌入最先进的模型中，并开发可持续和有弹性的解决方案，以减轻灾害的后果。为此，笔者提出了运筹学和计量经济学的不同方法，并将其应用于三类问题：粮食援助网络设计、救援运输能力管理和救援供应链中的捐赠管理。**从理论的角度来看，这项提案中提出的问题没有一个在文献中得到解决，其中许多在概念上是新的。制定解决办法来解决这些问题将产生创新的方法，并将有助于增进业务研究和人道主义后勤领域的知识。从实践的角度来看，拟议的研究计划是由救援行动中遇到的现实挑战驱动的。在实现这一研究计划的过程中，与成熟的组织合作将促进知识动员和技术转让，从而产生可持续的解决方案。**根据联合国的数据，饥饿和营养不良是全球健康的最大风险。一些发展中国家不断遭受普遍的长期粮食不安全之苦。该计划的第一个研究领域致力于缓解粮食不安全的一类重要问题：粮食援助网络设计。这一领域的目标是制定强有力的解决方案，以应对不确定性，并在考虑当地购买和现金转让方案的同时整合市场机制。第二个研究领域涉及运输能力管理，这是最后一英里救援分配中的一个重要问题。它侧重于制定具有代表性的随机救济路线模型，并发展计量经济模型，以便利运输采购。最后，人道主义组织的运作资源有限，主要依靠捐款。因此，这些组织必须有效地设计其供应链和运输计划，以便在危机期间尽可能多地接触到受影响的人。因此，第三个研究领域通过利用机会和捐赠限制来解决网络设计和车辆路线问题。它的目的是评估由于更好地管理不确定的捐赠而产生的业务和服务质量收益。

The human and economic impacts of both man-made and natural disasters have been increasing in recent years. Climate change, growing populations, political conflicts and transportation-related accidents, among others, are putting ever more people at risk. The hazardous nature of disasters and the complex network of organizations participating in both disaster relief operations and humanitarian development projects give rise to many challenges in supply chain management. Network design and transportation issues lie at the heart of some of the most important problems faced in the field of humanitarian logistics. These problems are characterized by numerous sources of uncertainty, by the conflicting objectives of several stakeholders and by context-specific side constraints which differ from those encountered in commercial contexts. The aim of this research program is to embed such aspects within state-of-the-art models and to develop sustainable and resilient solution approaches to mitigate the consequences of disasters. To this end, I propose different methodologies derived from operations research and econometrics and I apply them to three classes of problems: food aid network design, relief transportation capacity management, and donation management in relief supply chains. **From a theoretical perspective, none of the problems presented in this proposal has yet to be addressed in the literature and many of them are conceptually novel. Developing solution approaches to solve these problems will yield innovative methodologies and will contribute to the advancement of knowledge in the fields of operations research and humanitarian logistics. From a practical perspective, the proposed research program is driven by real-life challenges encountered during relief operations. Working alongside well-established organizations during the realization of this research program will stimulate knowledge mobilization and technological transfer, which will yield sustainable solution approaches. **According to the United Nations, hunger and malnutrition pose the largest risks to worldwide health. Some developing countries constantly suffer from widespread chronic food insecurity. The first research area of this program is dedicated to an important class of problems for palliating food insecurity: food aid network design. The objective of this area is to develop robust solutions that cope with uncertainty and that integrate market mechanisms while considering local purchase and cash-based transfer programs. The second area of research relates to transportation capacity management, a significant issue in last-mile relief distribution. It focuses on the formulation of representative stochastic relief routing models and on the development of econometric models to facilitate transportation procurement. Finally, humanitarian organizations operate with limited resources which depend primarily on donations. It is therefore crucial for these organizations to effectively design their supply chain and transportation plans in order to reach as many affected people as possible during crises. The third area of research therefore addresses both network design and vehicle routing problems with leverage opportunities and donation constraints. It aims to assess the operational and service quality gains resulting from better management of uncertain donations.