CASCADING IMPACTS OF ELECTRIC BUS CHARGING INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK: THE ROLE OF ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS

公交系统中电动公交车的运营被认为是消除公交相关温室气体排放的最终解决方案。特别是加拿大市场，由于清洁（非常低的温室气体强度）发电的特点，在实现与电动公交车相关的环境效益方面具有独特的优势。然而，从公交供应商的角度来看，由于缺乏配套研究，电动公交车往往被视为不成熟的技术。一个特别的方面是缺乏对电动汽车充电站的级联影响的研究。与传统的以柴油为基础的公交运营不同，电动公交车需要在路线上充电以完成指定的运营计划。然而，目前的研究主要集中在充电站网络规模和空间分布的优化上。令人惊讶的是，这种关键基础设施网络的级联影响和脆弱性从未被研究过。此外，对于储能系统（ESS）在提高纯电动客车（BEB）基础设施系统鲁棒性方面的作用，目前还缺乏研究。总之，这些对于自动充电站的未来发展及其所需的性能规格至关重要。该项目旨在通过开发模型来量化电动巴士充电站网络在不同中断情况下的级联影响，从而支持加拿大工业。目的是回答“如果……会怎样？”质疑并向行业和交通供应商提供基于研究的证据，证明在颠覆性情景下收费基础设施的行为；有针对性和随机性。开发的模型将应用于现实世界的交通网络，以证明其实际意义。总的来说，拟议的项目为行业、交通供应商和政策制定者提供了明确的方向，支持电动和自动驾驶公交车及其配套基础设施的部署。

The operationalization of electric buses in transit systems is considered the ultimate solution to eliminating transit-related Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The Canadian market, in particular, offers unique advantages to materialize the environmental benefits associated with electric buses due to the clean (very low GHG intensity) electricity generation profile. However, from a transit providers perspective, electric buses are often seen as immature technology due to the lack of supporting research. One particular aspect is the lack of research on the cascading impacts of electric bus charging stations. Unlike the traditional diesel-based bus transit operation, electric buses require on-route charging to complete the assigned operational schedule. However, current research focuses only on optimizing the sizing and the spatial distribution of the charging station network. Surprisingly, the cascading impacts and the vulnerability of such critical infrastructure network to disruption has never been researched. In addition, there is a lack of research investigating the role of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) in increasing Battery Electric Buses (BEB) infrastructure system robustness. Together, these are essential to inform the future development of autonomous charging stations and their required performance specifications.This project aims at supporting Canadian industry by developing models for quantifying the cascading impacts of electric bus charging station network under different disruption scenarios. The aim is to answer the what if? question and offer industry and transit providers research-based evidence on the behaviour of the charging infrastructure under disruptive scenarios; targeted and random. The developed models will be applied to a real-world transit network to demonstrate their practical relevance. Overall, the proposed project offers industry, transit providers, and policy-makers clear direction supporting the deployment of electric and autonomous buses and their supporting infrastructure.