Cool surface technologies, urban vegetation, and their effects on energy and air quality in Canadian climates

在夏天，凉爽的屋顶会反射大部分入射的阳光，并减少屋顶的热传导。同样，建筑物的树木、遮阳窗和墙壁也会减少直接的热收益。夏季热增量的减少减少了建筑的空调负荷，提高了舒适性，节省了高峰用电，节省了资金。冬天，凉爽的屋顶和遮荫的树木可能会增加建筑物的供暖负荷，但对供暖能源的惩罚相当小(树木实际上可以通过保护建筑物免受寒风影响而节省供暖能源账单)。*加拿大许多城市的夏季气温随着城市的扩张而稳步上升。此外，大多数新建筑都配备了空调；因此，当地公用事业公司正经历着巨大的夏季高峰负荷。凉爽的城市表面和植被可能会使城市降温几度，进一步减少降温能源需求，改善环境空气质量，并降低夏季与热应激相关的死亡率。此外，数据表明，凉爽的屋顶和凉爽的路面可能比热的标准材料使用更长时间，更低的生命周期成本和更少的浪费。*增加城市表面的太阳反射率，还会增加短波辐射返回空间的反射。这种“负辐射强迫”的过程对抗全球变暖。政府间气候变化专门委员会估计，将一平方米表面的太阳反射率增加0.01，就能使全球降温，相当于减少7公斤的二氧化碳排放。将50%的城市地区的反射率增加0.10，使世界降温相当于130G吨二氧化碳(大约相当于所有汽车50年的排放量)。*该项目的目标是进行基础和应用研究，解决适合加拿大寒冷气候、建筑和社区的能源效率和空气质量问题。我们将：进行详细的分析，以确定凉爽的地表和植被对建筑和社区能源使用以及城市空气质量的影响；开发加拿大几个城市的详细土地利用数据库(获得高分辨率正射影像，并进行统计分析，以表征城市结构)；制定安装凉爽屋顶、凉爽人行道、植被的实施方案；开发适合加拿大气候的针对气候和区域的凉爽屋顶和凉爽铺路材料(与屋顶和路面行业合作)；在城市反照率增加和全球变暖之间建立区域特有的相关性；协助地方、州和联邦政府制定区域能源法规、标准和实施指南；并寻找和培训对建筑和社区设计、材料开发、气候和空气质量建模以及规范和标准制定具有浓厚背景和兴趣的研究科学家、博士后研究员和研究生。**

During the summer, cool roofs reflect most of the incoming sunshine and reduce heat conduction through roofs. Similarly, strategically placed trees, shading windows and walls of a building reduce the direct heat gain. The reduction in summer heat gains reduces the air-conditioning load of a building, improves comfort, saves peak demand electricity, and save money. During the winter, cool roofs and shade trees may add to the heating load of a building, however, the heating energy penalties are fairly small (trees can actually save heating energy bills by shielding a building from cold wind).***Summertime temperatures in many Canadian cities have been steadily increasing with expansion of the city. Also, most new buildings are equipped with air-conditioners; as a result the local utility companies are experiencing significant summertime peak load. Cool urban surfaces together with vegetation can potentially cool down the city by a few degrees, further reducing cooling energy demand, improve ambient air-quality, and reduce summertime heat stress related mortality. Also, data suggest that cool roofs and cool pavements may last longer than the hot standard materials, lower life-cycle cost and lower waste. ******Increasing the solar reflectance of urban surfaces, in addition, increases reflection of short-wave radiation back to space. This process of "negative radiative forcing" counters global warming. IPCC estimates that increasing the solar reflectance of a m2 of surface by 0.01 cools down the globe equivalent to reducing CO2 emissions by 7 kg. Increasing the reflectance of 50% urban areas by 0.10, cools down the world equivalent to 130 Gtonne of CO2 (~ 50 years of emissions from all cars). ******The objective of this project is to perform basic and applied research addressing energy efficiency and air quality appropriate to Canadian cold climates, buildings and communities. We will: Perform detailed analysis to characterize the effects of cool surfaces and vegetation on building and community energy use and urban air quality; Develop detailed land use databases for several Canadian cities (obtain high-resolution orthophotos and perform statistical analysis to characterize urban fabrics); Develop implementation programs for installing cool roofs, cool pavements, vegetation; Develop climate- and regional-specific cool roofing and cool paving materials appropriate for Canadian climate (in collaboration with roofing and pavement industry); Develop regional-specific correlation between increasing urban albedo and global warming; Assist local, states, and federal governments to develop regional energy codes, standards, implementation guidelines; and Seek and train research scientists, post-doctoral fellows, and graduate students with strong background and interest in buildings and community design, material development, climate and air quality modeling, and codes and standards development.**