Aquatic toxicity of pharmaceuticals and personal care products

这项研究计划的总体目标是评估接触药物和个人护理产品(PPCP)混合物对水生生物(包括鱼类和九头蛇(小型淡水无脊椎动物))的生理、生长、生殖和发育的影响。废水处理厂(WWTP)不断向水生生态系统排放含有痕量PPCP的污水。例如，加拿大污水中布洛芬的浓度被发现高达每升22微克，这些化学品更有可能产生慢性影响，而不是急性影响，长期暴露在低水平下。PPCP特别有问题的两个方面是：它们旨在通过改变重要的生理/生化功能对生物系统产生影响；此外，PPCPs正被不断引入地表水(假持久性)，导致对水生生物群的暴露时间延长。**利用部分生命周期研究或全生命周期研究，对虹鱼(Oncorhynchus Mykis)、佛罗里达旗鱼(Jordan Anella Floridae)和日本青鱼(Oryzias Laorpe)(后两者是发育和毒性研究中常用的小型模式淡水鱼)进行研究，将评估预测生命早期暴露于流出物污染物亚致死效应的能力，包括单独研究和简单混合物研究。污染对虹鲑鱼早期生命阶段的影响将与对旗鱼和青鱼的多世代影响进行比较。也将对两种九头蛇--绿色九头蛇(Hydra Viridissima)和棕色九头蛇(九头蛇)--进行类似的暴露。酶和其他生物标志物、生长、生殖终点和第二代健康之间的关系将与特定的暴露浓度和暴露时间相关。将利用目前在圭尔夫建造的现场实验室，作为南安大略省水协会的一部分，将鱼类暴露在经过真正处理的污水流出物中。这将使人们能够将接触含有复杂污染物混合物的稀释处理污水的影响与实验室观察到的涉及受控的PPCP暴露和简单污染物混合物的影响进行比较。这些信息将使人们更好地了解这种微量的PPCP污染物对鱼类种群的生理、生长、繁殖、发育和生存的影响。它还将协助开发更好的处理程序，以确定关键污染物，并协助开发更好的处理方法，以最大限度地减少经处理的污水中PPCP的影响。将在生物组织的整个生物体、器官、组织和生化水平上比较虹鲑鱼和美国旗鱼的反应，以确定成功预测整个生物体影响的有用的暴露和影响的生物标志物。**这项拟议的研究计划将加强努力，评估这种复杂的化学品混合物对野生和实验室情况下鱼类物种的影响，并使人们能够更准确地了解这种污染物暴露在不同空间和时间尺度上的影响。这些知识将提高我们管理复杂污水(如经过处理的污水)中污染物的能力，以保护重要鱼类种群的健康，造福所有加拿大人

The overall objectives of this research program are to assess the physiological, growth, reproductive and developmental effects of exposure to mixtures of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in aquatic organisms, including fish and hydra (small freshwater invertebrates). Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) continuously release effluent containing trace levels of PPCPs into aquatic ecosystems. For example, the concentration of ibuprofen in a Canadian effluent was found to be up to 22 µg per L. Such chemicals are more likely to have chronic than acute effects, with exposure to low levels occurring for long periods of time. Two aspects of PPCPs which are particularly problematic are: they designed to have effects on biological systems by modifying important physiological/ biochemical functions; and, PPCPs are being continuously introduced into surface waters (pseudo-persistence) resulting in extended exposures to aquatic biota.**Studies on rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), Florida flagfish (Jordanella floridae) and Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), (the latter two are small model freshwater fish commonly used in developmental and toxicity studies) utilizing either partial life-cycle, or full life-cycle studies, will assess the ability to predict sublethal effects of early life-stage exposure to effluent contaminants, both individually, and in a combination of simple mixtures. Contaminant effects on rainbow trout early life stages will be compared to multi-generational effects on flagfish and medaka. Similar exposures to two species of hydra, the green hydra (Hydra viridissima) and the brown hydra (Hydra oligactis) will also be undertaken. Correlations between enzyme and other biomarkers, growth, reproductive endpoints and second generation health will be made in relation to specific exposure concentrations and exposure times. Exposure of fish to real treated sewage effluents of will be undertaken as part of the Southern Ontario Water Consortium using the in-situ laboratory presently under construction in Guelph. This will permit comparison of the impacts of exposure to dilute treated sewage effluent containing complex mixtures of contaminants to the effects observed in the laboratory involving controlled PPCP exposures and simple contaminant mixtures. This information will result in increased understanding of the impacts of such trace PPCP contaminants on the physiology, growth, reproduction, development and survival of fish populations. It will also assist in the development of better treatment processes to identify key contaminants and assist in developing better treatments to minimise the impacts of PPCPs in treated effluents. Rainbow trout and American flagfish responses will be compared at the whole organism, organ, tissue and biochemical levels of biological organisation to determine useful biomarkers of exposure and effects that successfully predict whole organism impacts.**This proposed research program will enhance efforts to assess the impacts of such complex mixtures of chemicals to fish species in the wild as well as in laboratory situations, and to permit more precise understanding of the impacts of such contaminant exposure on different spatial and temporal scales. Such knowledge will increase our ability to manage contaminants in complex effluents such as treated sewage to safeguard the health of important fish populations for the benefit of all Canadians