Pristine lithologies, modifications, astrobiological potential, and habitability of planetary surfaces

绘制行星表面的地质图是一项重要的科学工作。了解一个天体的表面组成对于解决以下问题至关重要：（1）确保人类探险者的安全;（2）确定可用于支持人类在行星上长期存在的原地资源;（3）帮助了解太阳系的起源和演变;以及（4）了解行星如何随时间演变。我们绘制行星表面地质图的能力受到行星表面（即，我们用遥感技术看到的行星的一部分），甚至是没有空气的物体的表面，都可以被当地的环境所改变。诸如风化和侵蚀、风沙、太阳风和宇宙射线轰击、低气压或无气压导致的干燥、温度变化和陨石撞击等因素都可能改变行星表面的组成和/或对我们准确绘制地表地质图的能力产生负面影响。相反，通过认识这些变化过程是否以及如何运作，我们可以深入了解行星体的历史。在航天国家中，加拿大因能够与不同国家和空间探索组织合作而脱颖而出，并被广泛认为是探索任务的重要参与者，经常贡献关键技术和能力，使我们能够“发挥我们的力量”。同样，加拿大空间技术部门的技术专长在遥感的一些领域也是世界一流的。通过继续参与行星探索飞行任务，我们帮助推进加拿大的科学和技术，并获得从这些飞行任务中获得数据的特权，确保加拿大继续处于行星探索的前沿。太空探索是一项可以激励下一代加拿大人并导致对科学和技术更大兴趣的活动。拟议的研究计划旨在提高我们将我们测量行星表面的遥感数据（来自轨道器，着陆器和漫游者）转化为有关行星起源，历史，进化，可居住性和天体生物学潜力的地质知识的能力。这将通过对各种表面改性过程对行星材料和类似物的影响进行实验室研究、在行星类似物地点进行实地研究（加拿大拥有得天独厚的条件）以及分析目前和未来对不同天体进行的行星飞行任务的遥感数据来实现。它将涉及基于光谱的工具的开发和应用，用于评估可居住性，寻找生物标志物（过去生命的迹象），并解开表面改性过程以获得潜在的原始矿物学。

Mapping the geology of planetary surfaces is an important scientific endeavour. Knowing a body's surface composition is essential for addressing issues such as: (1) ensuring the safety of human explorers; (2) identifying in situ resources that can be exploited to support extended human presence on planetary bodies; (3) helping to understand the origin and evolution of the solar system; and (4) understanding how planets evolve over time. Our ability to map the surface geology of planets is hampered by the fact that planetary surfaces (i.e., that portion of a planet that we see with remote sensing), even the surfaces of airless bodies, can be modified by their local environment. Factors such as weathering and erosion, windblown dust, solar wind and cosmic ray bombardment, desiccation due to low or no atmospheric pressure, temperature variations, and meteorite impacts can all modify the composition of a planetary surface and/or negatively affect our ability to accurately map surface geology. Conversely, by recognizing whether and how these modification processes have operated, we can gain insights into the history of a planetary body.******Among spacefaring nations, Canada stands out as being able to partner with diverse nations and space exploration organizations, and is widely recognized as an essential player in exploration missions, frequently contributing key technologies and capabilities that enable us to "punch above our weight". Similarly, the technical expertise of the Canadian space technology sector is world-class in a number of areas of remote sensing. By continuing our engagement in planetary exploration missions, we help advance Canadian science and technology, as well as gaining privileged access to data flowing from these missions, ensuring that Canada remains at the forefront of planetary exploration. Space exploration is an activity that can inspire the next generation of Canadians and lead to greater interest in science and technology.******The proposed program of research is designed to improve our ability to transform remote sensing data that we measure for planetary surfaces (from orbiters, landers, and rovers) into geological knowledge about a planet's origin, history, evolution, habitability, and astrobiological potential. This will be accomplished through a combination of laboratory studies of the effects of various surface modification processes on planetary materials and analogues, field-based studies at planetary analogue sites (with which Canada is uniquely endowed), and analysis of remote sensing data from current and future planetary missions to diverse bodies. It will involve the development and application of spectroscopy-based tools for assessing habitability, searching for biomarkers (signs of past life), and  unravelling surface modification processes to get at the underlying pristine mineralogy.**